The Aphrodite Brigade: Allies of Fire

Aphrodite told her that the law is that no man must set foot on Paradise Island. However, she began to get scared, as she sensed the prejudice within the law. Aphrodite did not tolerate hesitation and commanded her to do so. She eventually became scared as Aphrodite sent one of her top enforcers to hold a spear at her throat so that Tot Hug would enforce it. However, this backfired horribly, as she was able to evade the enforcer long enough to the point where they were out of Paradise Island.

There she used her power to create a knife out of fire and decided to cut off the enforcer's right arm and eventually did it to her foot. The enforcer collapsed and Tot Hug was able to escape. Aphrodite got angry at this. She then sent an army of heavily armed guards after her, hoping for them to take out.

That did not went as planned, as a third of the guards were stared down menacingly, another third were knocked out cold, and the last third were killed as Tot Hug used her powers to conjure ethereal tonfas. After killing the guards, Tot Hug went to warn the other members of the Dreaded Dragons. Tot Hug has a variety of emotional based powers. She is armed and dangerous, as one of Aphrodite's guards warns her. She tells her that Tot Hug is very destructive, as she used her emotion based powers to mutilate one of her guards by cutting their hand off, as shown in a flashback.

When angered enough, she becomes a berserker that is savage. The enforcers who were told to guard. Sign In Don't have an account? Contents [ show ]. Following the law adopted by the State Duma on 17 April , the Hermitage Museum returned to Frankfurt an der Oder the looted medieval stained-glass windows of the Marienkirche; six of the individual pieces, however, still remain missing. Andrei Vorobiev , the former Academic Secretary of the Museum, confirmed in the assumption that they are still in Russia in the Pushkin Museum.

In a so-called "good will gesture", the collection was returned to the descendants of the Prince by the Ministry of Culture even though the Russian prosecutor originally refused the request of the children of the rehabilitated prince. Lev Bezymenski , a Russian officer and translator who became a controversial historian and professor at Moscow's military academy , [67] died on June 26, , at age 86 in Moscow. He was a military intelligence officer of the 1st Belorussian Front under Marshal Georgy Zhukov , participated in the interrogation of German Generalfeldmarschall Friedrich Paulus , and translated the message confirming Adolf Hitler's death for Stalin.

In his many articles and books Bezymenski, L. Stalin and Hitler , Bezymenski, L. The Death of Adolf Hitler: Unknown Documents from Soviet Archives. More recently, the term is used to describe the looting in Iraq after the American-led invasion, [78] including, but not limited to, the National Museum of Iraq. The troops were criticized: So when groups of Imams demanded to remove religious items to prevent them from being defiled by the infidels, how were we supposed to know that they were thieves?

Our captain didn't want to create an international incident by arresting religious leaders. The Boston Globe writes: George's comments followed widespread reporting that percent of the museum's , inventoried lots about , pieces had been removed by Iraqi looters. In fact, about 95 percent of the museum's contents never left the museum.

According to investigators of the thefts, about two percent of the museum pieces were stored elsewhere for safekeeping. Another two percent were stolen, in an apparent "inside job", just before U. Most of the looted items were tiny beads and amulets. The horror of art looting in general is made clear by Hashem Hama Abdoulah, director of the museum of antiquities in Sulaymaniyah, in the Kurdish-controlled zone of northern Iraq.

Many other looted art objects ended up in black markets with rich art collectors and art dealers, mostly in the United States, Great Britain, [81] Italy [81] and Syria; [81] in , the Netherlands returned to Iraqi authorities three clay tablets that it believed had been stolen from the museum.

Thousands of smaller pieces have remained in Iraq or been returned by other countries, including Italy and the Netherlands. Some of the artifacts have been recovered, [84] custom officials in the United States intercepted at least 1, pieces, but many are still advertised on eBay or are available through known collectors and black markets. Despite public announcements and temporary efforts by the Iraqi and American administrations, the situation in Iraqi Museums and archaeological sites did not improve.

Donny George , the curator of Iraq's National Museum, the first person who raised his voice and alarmed the world about the looting in Iraq after the American invasion and publicly stated his opinion about the "ongoing failure of Iraqi leaders and the American military to protect the sites", [82] left the country and resigned in August Before he left, he closed and sealed the museum and plugged the doors with concrete.

Since we know all about them and are promised them back whenever we want them, it is better to keep them in these countries. The looting of Italian art was not limited to Napoleon alone; Italian criminals have long been, and remain, extremely active in the field, and Italy's battle to recover the antiquities it says were looted from the country and sold to museums and art collectors worldwide is still ongoing.

The Italian government and the Art Squad of the Carabinieri , Italy's national police force, made special efforts to "[crack] the network of looters, smugglers, and dealers supplying American museums," collecting "mountains of evidence—thousands of antiquities, photographs, and documents—seized from looters and dealers in a series of dramatic raids. As the result of lawsuits filed by the Italian and Turkish governments, as well as the work of investigative journalist Peter Watson and archaeologist Vernon Silver , both the Metropolitan Museum and the J. Paul Getty Museum have been repeatedly exposed as two of the world's biggest institutional recipients of looted and stolen Mediterranean artefacts, and the museums benefited from the illegal antiquities trade, both through direct acquisition, and via donations and bequests from major private collectors.

A significant number of Met and Getty acquisitions over a period of at least 40 years were everntually shown to have been sourced from a major international illegal antiquities trading network that centred on Italian art dealer Giacomo Medici. From the late s, Medici rose to become the central figure in a large criminal conspiracy, acting as the middleman between gangs of tombaroli tomb robbers - who systematically looted tens of thousands of important artefacts from Italian and other Mediterranean archaeological sites, as well as stealing objects from museums, churches and private collections - and an elite group of American and British dealers who helped Medici to "launder" his contraband and sell it to major buyers like the Met, the Getty and leading American private collectors.

Medici typically paid the tombaroli small sums for the looted and stolen goods, and then smuggled them out of Italy to Switzerland, where they were restored. Taking advantage of the lax attitudes and practices of 'cooperative' auction houses - notably Sotheby's in London - Medici built up an elaborate network of front companies and elite antiquities dealers and galleries, including the British dealer Robin Symes , Rome-based American dealer Robert E.

Hecht , and Hollywood dealer and producer Bruce McNall. A major investigation by the TPC the art crimes division of the Carabinieri beginning in the s, which eventually resulted in Medici's conviction, recovered tens of thousands of looted artefacts, and extensive documentary evidence, including thousands of sequential photographs that showed the journey of these looted objects from excavation, through restoration, to their final placement in museum collections, as well as a crucial handwritten 'organigram' organisational chart that named and linked all the members of Medici's operation.

TPC investigations also revealed that Medici used front companies to anonymously sell and then buy back many items, often multiple times, in order to manipulate the market, as well as allowing him to acquire the all-important Sotheby's provenances. In February , TPC officials announced that a raid on Robin Symes' warehouse in the Geneva Freeport had uncovered a huge collection of 17, looted antiquities, nearly all of which are thought to have been sourced from Medici, and which Symes secretly placed there ca.

In , the Metropolitan Museum of Art finally agreed to relinquish ownership of a 2,year-old Greek vase known as the Euphronios krater , a krater painted by Euphronios , after the TPC was able to establish that the object had been looted from an Etruscan tomb and smuggled out of Italy by the Medici gang. The Met also surrendered 15 pieces of Sicilian silver and four ancient vessels in exchange for long-term loans of other antiquities. According to the New York Times , the case, "of its kind, perhaps second only to the dispute between Greece and Great Britain over the Elgin marbles," "became emblematic of the ethical questions surrounding the acquisition of ancient art by major museums.

The Metropolitan Museum has been involved in several other major controversies involving antiquities believed or proven to have been looted or stolen, including:. In , the Los Angeles J. Paul Getty Museum , at the center of allegations by Italian officials about the pillaging of cultural artifacts from the country and other controversies, [96] was forced to return 40 artifacts, including a 5th-century BC statue of the goddess Aphrodite , which was looted from Morgantina , an ancient Greek settlement in Sicily.

The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston was forced to return 34 stolen artifacts — including Hellenistic silverware, Etruscan vases and Roman statues. The aforementioned institutions have agreed to hand over the artworks in exchange for loans of other treasures. Hecht were placed on trial in Rome; Italy accused them of buying and trafficking stolen and illicit artworks including the Aphrodite statue. In September , Italy dropped the civil charges against True. The warehouses were registered to a Swiss company called Editions Services, which police traced to an Italian art dealer, Giacomo Medici.

In another, unrelated case in , the Getty had to hand over three antiquities to Italy after determining they were stolen. The objects included a Greek red-figure kylix from the 5th century BC signed by the painter, Onesimos , and the potter, Euphronios, looted from the Etruscan site of Cerveteri ; a torso of the god Mithra from the 2nd century AD; and the head of a youth by the Greek sculptor Polykleitos.

Yet another case emerged in , when Italy's art-theft investigation squad discovered a hidden cache of ancient marble carvings depicting early gladiators, the lower portion of a marble statue of a man in a toga and a piece of a column. Italian Culture Minister Francesco Rutelli used the case to underline the importance of these artifacts for Italy. During their occupation of Indochina, the French government removed various statues and other objects from the region.

During its existence, the Khmer Empire was regularly raided by its neighbours, which resulted in its cultural heritage being distributed widely across the region. Briggs describes Preah Khan Kompong Svay as "shamefully looted" in the late 19th century by Louis Delaporte , "who carried the spoils away to French museums thus beginning the systematic looting of Cambodian temples for the benefit of public and private collections of Europe and America ".

Many objects from the region were exported to Europe and elsewhere and ended up in museums such as the Guimet. During the second world war, whilst France was occupied by Nazi Germany, the Indochina region was controlled variously by the Japanese, locally, and after the war, the French regained control. There followed a period of 35 years of disruption and warfare, including Dien Ben Phu and the Vietnam war. Thereafter Cambodia fell under the control of the notorious Khmer Rouge regime. Some objects left the country during that period, either to save them from destruction or for looting purposes.

Reports have suggested that where objects have been moved, local officials and armed forces both before and after the periods of turmoil were responsible. In , a report in The Christian Science Monitor described art experts' concerns about a "rampant degradation of archeological sites and an accelerating trade in stolen artifacts sweeping Southeast Asia" as a consequence of war in Cambodia and instability in the region. The British-born Thai-based collector Douglas Latchford says that when he and other collectors traversed Cambodia and Thailand in the s, buying and trading Cambodian antiquities, they were not concerned about provenance, but regarded themselves as rescuers of artefacts that otherwise might have been neglected or destroyed.

In the s, evidence that the artefacts had been looted persuaded a number of major museums around the world to return the objects to Cambodia. Among the objects sold or donated to major museums by Latchford are a number of rare ancient Khmer statues, reportedly looted from the temple site of Koh Ker in Cambodia, and at least two Indian seated Kushan Buddhas, looted from the ancient Indian city of Mathura. One of the seated Buddhas was originally offered—via Manhattan dealer Nancy Wiener —to Canada's Royal Ontario Museum , but they ultimately declined to buy it, owing to its dubious provenance.

In it was bought by the National Gallery of Australia , but subsequent investigations exposed the seated Buddha as a looted artwork, and it has since been repatriated to India. Worth, Texas, and the Norton Simon Museum. In , the Met announced that it would repatriate to Cambodia two ancient Khmer statues, known as "The Kneeling Attendants", which it had acquired from Latchford in fragments in and In , the Cleveland Museum of Art voluntarily returned to Cambodia a 10th-century sculpture of the Hindu monkey god Hanuman , after a curator from the museum uncovered evidence that it had been looted—the statue's head having appeared on the market in Bangkok in during the Vietnam War and its body having appeared on the market in during the Cambodian Civil War.

The museum's director said, "Our research revealed a very real likelihood that it was removed from a site enormously important to the kingdom of Cambodia during a terrible time and its return was completely consistent with the highest legal and fiduciary standards. How could anyone not know this was stolen property? The only answer is that no one wanted to know.

The library was considered one of the most important libraries of the world, featuring a collection of about , printed items, manuscripts, artworks, scientific instruments, and plant and animal specimens. Petersburg and became part of the Russian Imperial Library , which was founded one year later. Although some pieces were returned by the Soviet Union in and were burned during the Warsaw Uprising against German forces, other parts of the collection have still not been returned by Russia. Polish scientists have been allowed to access and study the objects. After the collapse of the November Uprising , literary and art treasures were removed from Poland.

During the Second World War, Germany tried to destroy Poland completely and exterminate its population as well as culture. Countless art objects were looted, as Germany systematically carried out a plan of looting prepared even before the start of hostilities [ citation needed ] see also Nazi plunder.

The looting of Central and South America by the conquistadors is one of the best-known plunders in the world. Roger Atwood writes in Stealing History: Looting in Mesoamerica has a long tradition and history. Graves are often looted before the archaeologists can reach them, and the artifacts are then sold to wealthy collectors in the United States, Japan, or Europe. Guillermo Cock, a Lima-based archaeologist, says about a recent find of dozens of exquisitely preserved Inca mummies on the outskirts of Peru's capital city, Lima: The transformation of theft and plunder as an incentive for troops to institutionalized, indiscriminate looting following military conflict can be observed in the wake of British conquest in Asia, Africa and India.

The looting of artifacts for "both personal and institutional reasons" became "increasingly important in the process of "othering" Oriental and African societies and was exemplified in the professionalism of exploration and the growth of ethnographic departments in museums, the new 'temples of Empire'. Napoleon's conquests in Europe were followed by a systematic attempt, later more tentatively echoed by Hitler, to take the finest works of art of conquered nations back to the Louvre in Paris for a grand central museum of all Europe. Many works were returned after his fall, but many others were not, and remain in France.

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Many works confiscated from religious institutions under the French occupation now form the backbone of national museums: Another French general looted several pictures, including four Claudes and Rembrandt 's Descent from the Cross , from the Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel in The stolen goods were later bought by the Empress Josephine and subsequently by the tsar. Since , when the Bolshevik government signed a peace treaty with Germany and Austria, have German negotiators demanded the return of the paintings.

Russia refused to return the stolen goods; the pictures still remain in the Hermitage. On November 7, , Edward D.

Townsend of the Union army wrote General Order No. Douglas Gordon, of that city, it is—. That it be restored to Mrs. Thomas, the sister of Mr. Gordon, who has made application therefor. Baker , chief of the Union secret police. The United States Congress enacted legislation allowing for claims to be filed for property losses on July 4, Claims were restricted to loyal citizens. During World War II, the Nazis set up special departments "for a limited time for the seizure and securing of objects of cultural value", [] especially in the Occupied Eastern Territories, including the Baltic states , Ukraine , Hungary and Greece.

The Russian imperial residences around St. Petersburg were thoroughly looted and deliberately blown up, so that their restoration is still under way. The Catherine Palace and Peterhof were reduced to smoldering ruins; among the innumerable trophies was the world-famous Amber Room.

Major museums around Moscow , including Yasnaya Polyana , Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery , and New Jerusalem , faced a similar fate, with their architectural integrity irrevocably impaired. The legal framework and the language of the instructions used by Germany resembles the Lieber Code , but in the Nuremberg Trial proceedings, the victorious Allied armies applied different standards and sentenced the Nazis involved as war criminals. Article 6 of the Charter of the International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg, detailing the Jurisdiction and General Principles, declares the "plunder of public or private property" a war crime, [] while the Lieber Code and the actions of the Allied armies in the aftermath of World War II allowed or tolerated the looting.

The main objective of the looting is made clear by Dr. Muhlmann, responsible for the securing of all Polish art treasures: One inventory of 39 volumes featuring the looted art and antiques, prepared by the Nazis and discussed during the Nuremberg trials, lists "21, Works of Art: When Allied forces bombed Germany's cities and historic institutions, Germany "began storing the artworks in salt mines and caves for protection from Allied bombing raids.

These mines and caves offered the appropriate humidity and temperature conditions for artworks. In , and after considerable controversy, Russia passed the Federal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federation , which allowed Russians to keep the illegally stolen art works and museum pieces and to prevent any restitution to their rightful owners in Germany.

The conquistadors looting Latin and South America became one of the most commonly recognized plunders in the world. Looting in Mesoamerica has a long tradition and history, many graves are looted before the archaeologists could reach them, and the artifacts are then sold to wealthy collectors in the United States, Japan or Europe. Guillermo Cock , a Lima-based archaeologist, says about a recent find of dozens of exquisitely preserved Inca mummies on the outskirts of Peru's capital city, Lima: A large number of institutions and museums have at various times been subject to both moral claims and legal claims concerning the provenance of their holdings subject to occasional review and challenge.

One example of such a case study can be provided by the Metropolitan Museum of Art 's reputation which has experienced a series of allegations and lawsuits about its status as an occasional institutional buyer of looted and stolen antiquities. Since the s the Met has been the subject of numerous investigative reports and books critical of the Met's laissez-faire attitude to acquisition. In the late s, long-running investigations by the Tutela del Patrimonio Culturale TPC , the art crimes division of the Italian Carabinieri , accused the Metropolitan Museum of acquiring "black market" antiquities.

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TPC investigations in Italy revealed that many ancient Mediterranean objects acquired from the s to the s had been purchased, via a complex network of front companies and unscrupulous dealers, from the criminal gang led by Italian art dealer Giacomo Medici. A spokesperson for the Met stated that the museum had received "dispositive" evidence that the objects had been looted from Koh Ker and illegally exported to the USA. In addition to the ongoing investigations by the Italian police TPC , lawsuits brought by the Governments of Italy, Turkey and Cambodia against the Metropolitan Museum of Art contend that the acquisition of the Euphronius krater may have demonstrated a pattern of less than rigorous investigation into the origin and legitimate provenance of highly desirable antiquities for the museum's collections.

Examples include, the Cloisters Cross , a large Romanesque cross carved from walrus ivory, [] the Karun Treasure , also known as the Lydian Hoard, a collection of gold, silver, bronze and earthenware objects, dating from the 7th Century BCE, and part of a larger haul of some objects looted by local tomb robbers from four ancient royal tombs near Sardis , in Turkey in — The Met was forced to concede that staff had known the objects were stolen when it bought them, and the collection was repatriated to Turkey in It was later shown to have been looted from the Morgantina archaeological site in Sicily.

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After a protracted lawsuit, the Met conceded that it was looted, and agreed in to repatriate it to Sicily, with the Met stating in that the repatriation "redresses past improprieties in the acquisitions process". From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Archaeological looting in Iraq. Nazi plunder and Nazi loot discovery. John's Cathedral in Polish. Archived from the original on Warszawa w latach — Warsaw in — in Polish. Biblical Studies Press, L.

International law, or, Rules regulating the intercourse of states in peace and war. Originally Issued as General Orders No. Lieber's Code and the Law of War.

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The Law of War: Looted Afghan art smuggled to London. The New York Times. The American Journal of International Law. American Society of International Law. Press and Information Office, Republic of Cyprus. Archaeological Institute of America. American Journal of Archaeology, 80 4: The Associated Press in Nicosia.

Christiane, and Virginia Morris.

The American Journal of International Law, 86 1: Byzantine Fresco Chapel News. Guardian News and Media Limited. The Spoils of War. Beutekunst — Trophy Art. Bibliography of the international literature on the fate of the cultural treasures displaced as trophies by the Red Army from Germany to the USSR in the result of World War II and situated now on the territory of the Russian Federation and other republics of the former Soviet Union.

In an updated version also available as bibliographical database "Archived copy". New York Conference Spoils of War.