Scattered

Verb assemble , cluster , collect , concentrate , congregate , gather , ingather Antonyms: Noun army , crowd , flock , gazillion , horde , host , jillion , kazillion , legion , loads , many , mountain , multitude , oodles , scads , thousands , zillion Visit the Thesaurus for More. Choose the Right Synonym for scatter Verb scatter , disperse , dissipate , dispel mean to cause to separate or break up. Examples of scatter in a Sentence Verb The wind scattered the pile of leaves.

The marbles scattered across the floor. She scattered the books on the table. He scatters his toys all around the house. Noun played before only a scatter of spectators in that huge stadium. Recent Examples on the Web: Verb This, like Paradise, was a place for retirement, and the fire has scattered families across the state.

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And the wildfire threat to California is only growing. Serve them this beauty," 13 Nov. Twitter earnings, Why the stock market is falling," 25 Oct. Trump assures South Carolina as flooding lingers," 19 Sep. Noun Before every show, Owen E. First Known Use of scatter Verb 14th century, in the meaning defined at transitive sense 1a Noun , in the meaning defined at sense 1. History and Etymology for scatter Verb Middle English scateren, schateren to disperse, break up, destroy; akin to Middle Dutch schaderen to scatter. Learn More about scatter.

Resources for scatter Time Traveler! Explore the year a word first appeared. Dictionary Entries near scatter Scatophagidae scatophagous scatt scatter scatterable scatteration scatter bomb. Phrases Related to scatter scatter cushion. Time Traveler for scatter The first known use of scatter was in the 14th century See more words from the same century. Kids Definition of scatter.

More from Merriam-Webster on scatter Rhyming Dictionary: Words that rhyme with scatter Thesaurus: All synonyms and antonyms for scatter Spanish Central: Translation of scatter Nglish: Translation of scatter for Spanish Speakers Britannica English: It is very common that scattering centers are grouped together; in such cases, radiation may scatter many times, in what is known as multiple scattering.

The main difference between the effects of single and multiple scattering is that single scattering can usually be treated as a random phenomenon, whereas multiple scattering, somewhat counterintuitively, can be modeled as a more deterministic process because the combined results of a large number of scattering events tend to average out. Multiple scattering can thus often be modeled well with diffusion theory. Because the location of a single scattering center is not usually well known relative to the path of the radiation, the outcome, which tends to depend strongly on the exact incoming trajectory, appears random to an observer.

This type of scattering would be exemplified by an electron being fired at an atomic nucleus. In this case, the atom's exact position relative to the path of the electron is unknown and would be unmeasurable, so the exact trajectory of the electron after the collision cannot be predicted. Single scattering is therefore often described by probability distributions. With multiple scattering, the randomness of the interaction tends to be averaged out by the large number of scattering events, so that the final path of the radiation appears to be a deterministic distribution of intensity.

This is exemplified by a light beam passing through thick fog. Multiple scattering is highly analogous to diffusion , and the terms multiple scattering and diffusion are interchangeable in many contexts.

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Optical elements designed to produce multiple scattering are thus known as diffusers. Coherent backscattering , an enhancement of backscattering that occurs when coherent radiation is multiply scattered by a random medium, is usually attributed to weak localization. Not all single scattering is random, however. A well-controlled laser beam can be exactly positioned to scatter off a microscopic particle with a deterministic outcome, for instance. Such situations are encountered in radar scattering as well, where the targets tend to be macroscopic objects such as people or aircraft.

Scattering

Similarly, multiple scattering can sometimes have somewhat random outcomes, particularly with coherent radiation. The random fluctuations in the multiply scattered intensity of coherent radiation are called speckles. Speckle also occurs if multiple parts of a coherent wave scatter from different centers. In certain rare circumstances, multiple scattering may only involve a small number of interactions such that the randomness is not completely averaged out. These systems are considered to be some of the most difficult to model accurately.

The description of scattering and the distinction between single and multiple scattering are tightly related to wave—particle duality. Scattering theory is a framework for studying and understanding the scattering of waves and particles.



Prosaically, wave scattering corresponds to the collision and scattering of a wave with some material object, for instance sunlight scattered by rain drops to form a rainbow. Scattering also includes the interaction of billiard balls on a table, the Rutherford scattering or angle change of alpha particles by gold nuclei , the Bragg scattering or diffraction of electrons and X-rays by a cluster of atoms, and the inelastic scattering of a fission fragment as it traverses a thin foil. More precisely, scattering consists of the study of how solutions of partial differential equations , propagating freely "in the distant past", come together and interact with one another or with a boundary condition , and then propagate away "to the distant future".

Electromagnetic waves are one of the best known and most commonly encountered forms of radiation that undergo scattering. Scattering of light and radio waves especially in radar is particularly important. Several different aspects of electromagnetic scattering are distinct enough to have conventional names.

Major forms of elastic light scattering involving negligible energy transfer are Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering. Inelastic scattering includes Brillouin scattering , Raman scattering , inelastic X-ray scattering and Compton scattering. Light scattering is one of the two major physical processes that contribute to the visible appearance of most objects, the other being absorption. Surfaces described as white owe their appearance to multiple scattering of light by internal or surface inhomogeneities in the object, for example by the boundaries of transparent microscopic crystals that make up a stone or by the microscopic fibers in a sheet of paper.

More generally, the gloss or lustre or sheen of the surface is determined by scattering.

Highly scattering surfaces are described as being dull or having a matte finish, while the absence of surface scattering leads to a glossy appearance, as with polished metal or stone. Spectral absorption, the selective absorption of certain colors, determines the color of most objects with some modification by elastic scattering.

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The apparent blue color of veins in skin is a common example where both spectral absorption and scattering play important and complex roles in the coloration. Light scattering can also create color without absorption, often shades of blue, as with the sky Rayleigh scattering , the human blue iris , and the feathers of some birds Prum et al. Rayleigh scattering is a process in which electromagnetic radiation including light is scattered by a small spherical volume of variant refractive index, such as a particle, bubble, droplet, or even a density fluctuation. This effect was first modeled successfully by Lord Rayleigh , from whom it gets its name.

In this size regime, the exact shape of the scattering center is usually not very significant and can often be treated as a sphere of equivalent volume. The inherent scattering that radiation undergoes passing through a pure gas is due to microscopic density fluctuations as the gas molecules move around, which are normally small enough in scale for Rayleigh's model to apply.

Along with absorption, such scattering is a major cause of the attenuation of radiation by the atmosphere. The degree of scattering varies as a function of the ratio of the particle diameter to the wavelength of the radiation, along with many other factors including polarization , angle, and coherence. For larger diameters, the problem of electromagnetic scattering by spheres was first solved by Gustav Mie , and scattering by spheres larger than the Rayleigh range is therefore usually known as Mie scattering.

In the Mie regime, the shape of the scattering center becomes much more significant and the theory only applies well to spheres and, with some modification, spheroids and ellipsoids.

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Closed-form solutions for scattering by certain other simple shapes exist, but no general closed-form solution is known for arbitrary shapes.