Angel (RUS)
In , an unusually impressive silver treasure was found by local farm workers by the mouth of Dvina, right next to present-day Arkhangelsk. Most of the findings comprised a total of 1. Jewelry and pieces of jewelry come from Russia or neighboring areas. The majority of the coins were German, but the hoard also included a smaller number of Kufan , English, Bohemian , Hungarian, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian coins.
It is hard to place this find historically until further research is completed. There are at least two possible interpretations. It may be a treasure belonging to the society outlined by the Norse source material. Generally such finds, whether from Scandinavia , the Baltic area, or Russia, are closely tied to well-established agricultural societies with considerable trade activity. Alternatively, like the Russian scientists [ who? Written sources indicate that Kholmogory existed early in the 12th century, but there is no archeological material to illuminate the early history of the town.
It is not known whether the origin of this settlement was Russian, or if it goes back to pre-Russian times. In the center of the small town or Gorodok that is there today is a large mound of building remains and river sand, but it has not been archeologically excavated. The area of Arkhangelsk came to be important in the rivalry between Norwegian and Russian interests in the northern areas.
From Novgorod, the spectrum of Russian interest was extended far north to the Kola Peninsula in the 12th century. However, here Norway enforced taxes and rights to the fur trade. A compromise agreement entered in was soon broken. This was the beginning of a series of clashes.
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In , Norwegian ships with five hundred soldiers entered the White Sea. The "Murmaners", as the Norwegians were called cf. Murmansk , plundered many Russian settlements along the coast, among them the Archangel Michael Monastery. Novgorod managed to drive the Norwegians back.
Three English ships set out to find the Northeast passage to China in ; two disappeared, and one ended up in the White Sea, eventually coming across the area of Arkhangelsk. Ivan the Terrible found out about this, and brokered a trade agreement with the ship's captain, Richard Chancellor. Trade privileges were granted to English merchants in , leading to the founding of the Company of Merchant Adventurers , which began sending ships annually into the estuary of the Northern Dvina. Dutch merchants also started bringing their ships into the White Sea from the s.
Scottish and English merchants also traded in the 16th century; however, by the 17th century it was mainly the Dutch that sailed to the White Sea area. In Ivan ordered the founding of New Kholmogory which would later be renamed after the nearby Archangel Michael Monastery. At the time access to the Baltic Sea was still mostly controlled by Sweden , so while Arkhangelsk was icebound in winter, it remained Moscow's almost sole link to the sea-trade.
Local inhabitants, called Pomors , were the first to explore trade routes to Northern Siberia as far as the trans- Urals city of Mangazeya and beyond. In December , during the Time of Troubles , Arkhangelsk was besieged by Polish-Lithuanian marauders commanded by Stanislaw Jasinski Lisowczycy , who failed to capture the fortified town.
In and in a fire broke out, and the complete city was burned down. In , Peter the Great ordered the creation of a state shipyard in Arkhangelsk. However, he also realized that Arkhangelsk would always be limited as a port due to the five months of ice cover, and after a successful campaign against Swedish armies in the Baltic area, he founded St.
Petersburg in May Nonetheless, Akhangelsk continued to be an important naval base and maritime centre in the Russian north.
In , Peter the Great decreed that Arkhangelsk should no longer accept goods that amounted to more than was sufficient for the town for so-called domestic consumption. It was due to the Tsar's will to shift all international marine trade to St. This factor greatly contributed to the deterioration of Arkhangelsk that continued up to when this decree was canceled.
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Arkhangelsk declined in the 18th century as the Baltic trade became ever more important. In the early years of the 19th century, the arrest and prolonged detention by Russian authorities of John Bellingham , an English export representative based at Arkhangelsk, was the indirect cause of Bellingham later assassinating British Prime Minister Spencer Perceval. Arkhangelsk's economy revived at the end of the 19th century when a railway to Moscow was completed and timber became a major export. The city resisted Bolshevik rule from to and was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army supported by the military intervention of British-led Entente forces along an Allied expedition , including a North American contingent known as the Polar Bear Expedition.
And dull were the earth songs instead of such A beautiful sound of heavens. Lermontov, Angel - Translation Rus. Poem by Lyudmila Purgina - Poem Hunter.
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