Services and Economic Development in the Asia-Pacific (The Dynamics of Economic Space)

We are indebted to all the contributors for patiently awaiting our initial decisions about which papers to include in this volume and their subsequent prompt responses to our requests for changes to their manuscripts or the inclusion of additional material. The prompt publication of volumes of this nature relies heavily on the cooperation of the contributors: Daniels University of Birmingham, U. Harrington University of Washington, Seattle, U. To this literature, this volume brings a particular focus on the role of public policies governmental and civil at a variety of scales and their geographical outcomes at both national and urban levels.

However there are clear signs that things are changing. In Shanghai, for example, service-producing industries have grown rapidly and, although still some way behind comparable cities in Europe or North America, accounted for some 51 per cent of its total economy in compared to 40 per cent for China as a whole China Daily, There is an increasing recognition of the importance of services, in part because they have become increasingly interconnected with the goods sectors as a way of enabling the latter to remain competitive Harrington and Daniels, Exemplars of the Shift to Services There are various ways in which these trends can be illustrated.

However, their decline has been accompanied by a notable shift of their overseas investment activities into services UNCTAD, Sogo shosha also invest in many industries but here, too, the targets are changing: In addition, manufacturing no longer constitutes the largest single sector of their FDI portfolio: While the levels of employment creation in host countries as a result of services FDI are not necessarily higher than those associated with manufacturing FDI, the potential for job creation is also growing with the rise of other export-oriented services such as tourism UNCTAD, In addition to the direct impact of services FDI on employment, it is crucial not to overlook the indirect effects, the greater availability and better quality of producer or intermediate services as a result of FDI stimulates production in client industries including additional jobs.

In host countries where supplier industries of international standard exist or can be developed, production and employment in upstream industries can also increase. However, it is important to weigh the positive versus the negative impacts of engaging with transnational services TNS. On the positive side, the TNS inject additional capital and encourage the restructuring and rehabilitation of competing domestic activities, thereby strengthening the local economy and making it more resilient to external competition.

On the negative side, the arrival of TNS can weaken the domestic service economy, especially if the there is a weak regulatory framework that allows excessive concentration of an activity in ways that discourage market competition. If domestic services cannot compete with TNS they may also be tempted to pursue more risky commissions or business which, if delivered unsuccessfully, will dilute their reputational capital. Such comparative advantage can be utilised in the interests of economic growth and development if access to the markets of their trading partners can be managed in a transparent and mutually equitable way e.

There is a continuing debate about whether the GATS is really necessary, because many services are considered to be national domestic activities or primarily in the domain of national government ownership and therefore not open to the application of trade policy concepts and instruments WTO, But other large sectors, such as telecommunications, have undergone fundamental technical and regulatory changes in recent decades, opening them to private commercial participation and reducing or completely removing existing barriers to entry. The Internet has created a completely new range of internationally traded services such as e-banking, customer support services, tele-health and diagnostics, or distance learning that were unknown as recently as two decades ago.

It has also removed distance-related barriers to trade in professional services, for example, that had disadvantaged suppliers and users in remote locations. The prospect of losing valuable service-related investment to other places, especially cities, in the region is but one symptom of the competition to be regionally prominent but also globally visible. The next four chapters examine aspects of the effects of the service dimension on the dynamics of economic spaces, especially in and around major cities. Graphic design services are not only an important part of the advanced service sector in the leading cities of the region, they have also increased in number as a result of increasing demand linked to advertising and multi-media expansion in the wake of improved ICT.

Changes in their location, size, and density are traced over a 20 year time horizon from to Beginning in , two giant car-selling service cities along with three car-selling service avenues are being constructed within the central area of Shanghai. The Shanghai International Car City is the largest of these projects which involves investment of several billion yuan. It includes almost all the service-producing businesses that are now essential to successful car production: The spillover effects of the car city concept in relation to car producers in the vicinity and its more general impact on local economic development in Shanghai are examined, including a comparison with similar approaches to car marketing and the development of consumer awareness that have been used in the United States and in some EU countries such as Germany.

Because KIBS tend to be concentrated in a few large cities it is assumed that their innovative capacity is likely to be superior to that of KIBS located in provincial areas. There is change of scale in Chapter 5 where Noboru Hayashi examines the locational factors determining the location of software services across Japan.

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Both temporal trends and spatial patterns are explored using survey data collected by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. In addition to demonstrating the agglomeration of software services and its close relationship with the urban hierarchy, the intra-urban location of these services is also illustrated in considerable detail for the major cities, including Tokyo, Osaka, Yokohama and Fukuoka.

Location quotient based on the number of establishment and population in each prefecture indicated that Tokyo, Osaka, and Fukuoka had more establishments than expected by their population. There is a now a rich body of theoretical literature that helps to explain the rise of services. Factors such as rising incomes, technical progress, and late capitalism have shed light on the growth dynamics of services but Yang and Lin Chapter 6 suggest that this does not necessarily assist the understanding of the distinctive attributes and processes associated with the economic tertiarization now taking place in China.

They argue that this is crucial to an understanding of the expansion of services in a socialist economy. The service sector has become a new driving force behind urban population mobility and land use transformation. It not only supplies key air transport services, it also support others key activities for Singapore, especially international tourism which is another important source of national revenue.

It is argued that the developmental state model may not be adequate for explaining the future for Singapore using the future roles, challenges, problems and constraints faced by SIA as it strives to sustain its competitive advantage to support the argument. The strategic restructuring of multinational enterprises through worldwide alliance and localization in guest countries reinforces the position of large corporations in the governance of global value chains.

This occurs at the expense of small and medium sized enterprises SMEs that may have served as the local suppliers of large corporations in host countries. Recent studies in China show, however, that an incubation process for foreign SMEs moving to host countries is needed if they are to successfully re-join the global value chains in the new milieu. Shuguang Liu and Guogang Ren Chapter 8 use the Sino-Korean joint project known as Window Korea as a case to study for assessing the potential and future functions of international business incubator in the process of Korean SMEs moving to China via the nearest location on the Shandong peninsula.

Their initial results indicate that the special business incubation system used for this project is essential, at least for Korean auto-part and electronic part SMEs, for the process of local survival in the host economy and their ability to rejoin worldwide value chains. However, despite huge investment, there has not been a drastic change of the regional economic system.

Effective regional industrial policy should be grounded on the physical, historical, socio-cultural conditions of the designated area and be related to the nature of the industry itself. They investigate the formation and development of the shochu industry in Ohita prefecture and secondly the serviceinformed process by which this industry has successfully outgrown the sake industry in Japan. Continual transformation of the production system, including improved marketing and related services such as advertising and promotion, is shown to be crucial to the re-invigoration of an indutry that was in danger of being eclipsed by foreign imports of whisky, notably from the UK Scotland.

However, an underground futures market existed de facto and the state was forced to legalize the new industry. Even so, instead of following the big push model, it adopted a gradualist approach and opened the trading market step by step. Under such circumstance, it was the extent of social networks, rather than the sophistication of trading skill that was critical for the business. And Wetzstein Chapter 11 suggests that promoting intentional connections between local and global economic processes will be problematic.

Facilitation will probably need to be customized but tapping into, building and maintaining particular networks will certainly be an important aspect of economic governance. They are able to re-embed exogenous best practices in a local context; thereby contributing to context-based modernization and the development of indigenous competitiveness in the face of global market competition. Consequently, they operate in limited circles and target the same set of medium-sized companies, leaving the much more numerous very small companies in Ahmedabad without any useful access to consultancy services.

Conclusions This volume focuses on the role of governmental and civil policies at a variety of scales and their geographical outcomes at national and urban levels. Our key premise is that raising the quantity and quality of services in national economies depends partly on the interventions managed by local, regional and national governments, by actors within the sectors especially in the absence of government policies , and international trade arrangements and economic conditions.

Can governmental policies have substantial effects on these tendencies? Some Chinese provincial and local governments have deliberately emphasized services as a key component of modernization, with resultant differences in provincial or metropolitan rates of service-sector growth. State inattention or ambivalence to the development of a service sector e. However, it can also create a sector whose practitioners are more dependent on local connections and networks, for good cohesiveness and ill lack of international competitiveness.

Bekkers uncovers an analogous process in Ahmedabad, where many management consultants focus on a set of larger clients in order to maintain the prestige that is an important part of their marketing strategies. Besides the obvious importance of the urban hierarchy, and the greater geographic concentration of services in countries with a primate urban center, the rates and forms of service sector growth depends on explicit national and subnational policies, or on actions by corporate and professional networks in the absence of explicit policies.

Advanced Institute of Management Research. Innovations, Digital Divide and Policy, Singapore: Innovation and Organizational Practices, Singapore: National University of Singapore. University of Michigan Press. The Shift Towards Services, Geneva: At the level of physical goods, the quality and capacity of the logistical services that integrate air, sea and land transport have changed the priorities for location in most industries. At one extreme, the research on the computer industry in South East Asia Bowen et al. In another context, dispersal from the central and inner city to suburban and ex-urban industrial estates has become common, although clusters of related activities can still be found in these areas.

While the output of some producer services do exhibit the characteristics of a weightless product, there are elements in their production process where the old notions of spatial proximity are still relevant Sassen, These agglomeration factors include traditional elements such as access to a infrastructure and a skilled workforce Scott, as well as less tangible elements such as the amenity of a city Sassen, , Florida, , the reputation of particular precincts Cook et al.

First, the production of a producer service usually requires a number of inputs from a variety of suppliers.

Some of these inputs are structured information that can be freely exchanged and is the same for each user of the information. Second, face-to-face communication provides participants with a range of different levels of communication, principally verbal, as well as more subtle communication such as tone of voice, body language and visual cues. These subtle forms of communication enable participants to make judgements about not only an understanding of what is being said but also whether or not to believe it. This element of believability or trust is communicated through these subtle channels of communication Storper and Venables, , Coffey and Shearmur, which cannot be replicated by a disembodied voice during a telephone conversation or an email message Goodchild, , Leamer and Storper, Third, face-to-face communication enables simultaneous communication and instant feedback.

This feedback can also contribute to learning on the part of participants. While on-line tools such as messenger software and video conferencing provide instant electronic feedback this seems unable to replicate the instantaneous verbal feedback and non verbal cues conveyed during face-to-face contact Pratt, Incorporating face-to-face interaction in producer service production requires a great deal of time which includes planning meetings, preparation, travel time to and from the meeting place, as well as the time spent in a meeting.

In addition to reducing the time devoted to formal meetings, spatial proximity enables chance encounters to occur and the informal exchange of information, such as market conditions or employment opportunities, at professional networking functions, over lunch or coffee Pratt, , Leamer and Storper, , Powell et al. There are two streams. There are some variations in the exact industries studied, however they include broadly similar high order producer services, with the exception of the work on Sydney which also includes graphic designers.

These studies show that in Sydney, Paris and Montreal there is a seemingly contradictory spatial pattern with agglomeration in the Central Business District CBD on the one hand and dispersion on the other. Coffey and Shearmur also found that the growth in non-CBD producer services employment was concentrated in a small number suburban locations rather than being dispersed across the metropolitan area.

This work provides a useful platform for understanding the intra-metropolitan location of producer services. However, there are a number of shortcomings. These have very different markets and inputs and so would be expected to have different locational requirements. Second, administrative boundaries, such as those used for various statistical collections, do not necessarily align with major economic zones. For example, a major industrial area or employment node may be subdivided by administrative boundaries and distort the level of employment concentration. Third, this stream of research has a CBD-centric view of producer services location in that it is seen as the primary location for producer services, but this is not true of all cities or of all producer services.

Within this stream of literature work has been completed for London and Vancouver.

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In the case of the former Taylor et al. Rather, there can be sub areas and zones in and near to the CBD that can house these activities of the kind Hutton , a has illustrated in his research on the location of selected producer services, particularly design orientated industries such as graphic design, multimedia and commercial photographers, in Vancouver.

We now need to address issues such as: There are a number of options here. On the other hand we could expect dispersal, either to a new core, or even a series of cores, in an extreme case, to many other sites, as we have seen with manufacturing. This research therefore explores whether, and how, an agglomeration of a particular service activity that existed in has changed with the increased use of digital information and the near ubiquitous availability of broadband telecommunication services.

Has it dispersed, consolidated or spread incrementally into surrounding areas? Graphic design provides an interesting research opportunity as it has often occupied a distinct district within most cities, often in association with media and advertising services. Finally, there is some evidence that parts of the sector can be globalized as the Tombesi et al. This distance is called the threshold distance. The following equation is used to calculate the threshold distance: The resulting groups can be displayed as an ellipse using GIS software.

Output is shaped by the values ascribed to key parameters. Extensive sensitivity analysis of CrimeStat output was undertaken prior to the choice of values, as discussed in Elliott This was selected in order to identify a few large agglomerations rather than identifying a large number of small agglomerations. NSW Sydney and Victoria Melbourne are the main locations of this type of work and their share of employment is much greater than their share of the total workforce Figure 2.

Australia on Disk, and Telecom Yellow Pages , , At the same time this period corresponded with the adoption of personal computer based graphic design technology and, later, digital transmission of images. This provides a rich context to explore change in location over time. Evidence of Continued Concentration? Telecom Yellow Pages, Australia on Disk, This area had a number of characteristics relevant to this industry. In , 20 years on, the pattern of location had certainly changed.

These seven agglomerations are all within the inner suburbs of Melbourne and the CBD and predominantly on the eastern and south eastern side. Australia on Disk and This has kept them within easy reach of the locations Figure 2. The in-movers are willing to relocate longer distances: This analysis of change enriches the insight of previous studies of producer services that show Figure 2.

Change on the Agglomeration of Service Firms in a Metropolitan Area 27 strong agglomerations in small parts of cities. It would seem that as the graphic design industry has grown it has retained its concentration, only dispersing within a narrowly circumscribed area. It has been shown Figure 2. It illustrates the fundamental role that the original South Melbourne Agglomeration played in the early development of the graphic design industry. This suggests the whole sub-region captured by these two agglomerations expanded as the industry grew. Telecom Yellow Pages, , , The South Melbourne area is also the traditional location of advertising agencies especially those located at the top end of St Kilda Road.

Hence the Richmond agglomeration may be functionally closer to South Melbourne than the distance suggests. This geography encompasses two subsets. The idea that producer services form specialized districts in some parts of cities is more nuanced than research that has focused on the CBD as the prime location. There are a range of producer services, such as graphic design, that choose to locate near or adjacent to the CBD but not within it.

The results show that some agglomerations exhibit a high degree of inertia. This is an example of long term inertia of an agglomeration. Change on the Agglomeration of Service Firms in a Metropolitan Area 37 Changes in the location of producer services are not unexpected. In short it would seem that reports of the death of geography are greatly exaggerated.

This research also contributes to the wider idea of the remaking of the economic geography of the city and the renewal of the inner city. The renewal and remaking of local economic geography is a phenomenon that is occurring in most inner areas of large areas. London Taylor et al. In the same vein, Inner Melbourne witnessed a sea change in its spatial economy.

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However there have been some marked changes in the location of some of these industries. This research has demonstrated the spatially selective and uneven nature of this renewal. Areas wax, such as South Melbourne and Collingwood, while others wane, such as Richmond. Some areas, for the time being at least, miss out entirely, such as Footscray to the west or Brunswick to the north of the CBD, as the economic landscape of the inner city is remade. An understanding of producer service location remains a powerful mechanism for understanding the re-shaping of city prospects.

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By connecting a readily available source of data to an established GIS-based data manipulation routine it has provided a new way of exploring the locational patterns of producer services in cities. Where they are available, the source is often national censuses, which in some countries can mean ten year gaps in data supply. Although the ready availability of the data makes it attractive it obviously has some drawbacks: That was addressed in the current research by the check on land zoning associated with each location, but that is an awkward step to take.

The major innovation in this chapter, and the greatest potential for further research, is the use of a GIS package to visually represent locations. The approach developed here provides a metropolitan area perspective, with the capacity for closer study of small areas. It can also draw in other information in overlays: Finally it provides the chance to look at change over time in a matter of seconds. The analytical edge created by the clustering algorithm opens up some new approaches to some old issues.

The approach could also compare the overlap of agglomerations of different services and how that has changed over time. Hence the technique used here provides great scope to explore the way in which producer services locate in cities. There the interview will remain the central methodology. As such it is a very valuable step forward in research on producer services. Harvard Business School Press. State Government of Victoria. Transforming the World Economy, London: Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd. Paper submitted for publication in Urban Studies. Survey and Analysis, Melbourne: Services and Metropolitan Development: The End of Geography, London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs.

Society and Space, 9, — The Corporation of London. In this, many efforts have been made, e. Daniels , from an international angle explored the inter-relationship between growth of the sector and the development of metropolitan areas, and its characteristics and development tendency in the world economy; Daniels et al. Moreover, the third form of the car-making producer services industry refers to a totally new generation of service economy in the world today. Thus, for this reason, to probe into its nature, characteristics, effects and thereby locational factors is undoubtedly helpful in terms of either promoting further development of the new geography literature, or lifting up the level of the regional economies and their competitiveness practically.

The question arising here is that, despite the above apparent abundance of analyses, a detailed understanding of the industry itself and its relevance to the dynamics of the new economy and new geography is still weak. Thus far, there has been little systematic study concerning the nature and impacts of the rise of the industry, or the like, in a regional context. This has inevitably affected our better understanding of the changes and development in service worlds.

This involved four interviews with the selling departments of the Shanghai Volkswagen Co. At present, although it is not yet clear when this kind of economy will dominate the business, it indicates a surely inevitable trend of future development of the new generation of service economy in general and the economy of the car-making producer services industry in particular.

For Shanghai, the building of the superclass car market, Shanghai International Car City, with multi-functions of modern services will certainly represent the latest level of development of the new generation of the car relevant economy in China. In this, it should be mentioned that in Chinese consensus, because the car-making industry in China is still immature, it will probably be weakened thereafter with the loss of tariff protection. Consequently, in order to meet the challenges of the contemporary world, it is very important for China to develop its car industry by full use of resources from both Chinese and foreign transnational corporations and by the development of the new generation of the car-making producer services industry.

For the above reason, the building of the Shanghai International Car City has been, and can be, seen as a good attempt in resolving this kind of problem and dilemma. Development of the Shanghai International Car City and its Main Functions and Features Since mid, along with the boom of the car-selling market, a big change has taken place in the car-making producer services industry in Shanghai, the largest and one of the four centrally administrated municipalities in China situated in the middle of the eastern coast and alongside the outlet of the Yangtze River see Figure 3.

Among them, the Shanghai International Car City is the largest. With some billion yuan of input, this Car City includes almost all modern businesses of the car-making producer services industry, e. In order to maintain the necessary manpower resources for the Car City, some of the leading universities will be attracted into and be settled in this Garden. Manufacturing Area of Car-assembly and Spare parts Production The manufacturing area, covering a land space of In this, to attract more marketing headquarters or sub-headquarters of the internationally famous car makers to set up their businesses in the Car City is the focus.

The context of the car-trading function includes: The context of this function is concerned with: Car-related Services The car-related service function is the basic foundation for all other functions. The context of car-related service function contains: It will then inevitably become a hot tourist spot with new and beautiful scenery and peculiar identity to Shanghai. The context of car-related cultural and tourist function includes: Car-related Logistics The car-related logistics function is one of the important characteristics of the Car City in terms of modernization and internationalization.

It is a bridge that can link car makers, suppliers, distributors and consumers and interlock them in one place and, thereby, guarantees perfecting of other relevant functions of the Car City. The context of car-related logistic functions includes: Along with the further development of the Car City, there will be more internationally leading car manufacturing and spare parts-making companies move in. In the forthcoming two-three years, it will try to encourage the three contemporary and internationally leading car-making manufacturers — General Motor and Ford of the United States, Volkswagen of Europe and Toyota and Honda of Japan — to locate their trading headquarters in the Car City.

In , the total amount of sales via the Car City is expected to reach billion yuan. Relatively Advanced By plan again, encouragingly and ambitiously, the Shanghai International Car City will attract and use the latest achievements in car science and technology and, meanwhile, introduce the latest sense and ideas in car-dealing business following the WTO regulation and international practice. It will then become an international distribution centre with the characteristics of openness and regionalism in car-dealing and spare parts-trading.

It will then become an integrated, modern, comprehensive and internationalized car city with multi-functions. The experience from developed countries tells us that it is an inevitable trend to form the car-making industrial cluster in the process of development of the carmaking industry in the contemporary world. For example, in Japan there existed a car parts manufacturing factory in Yokohama hundreds of kilometres away from the headquarters of the Toyota Corp. This seriously hindered the regular production performance of the Toyota Corp.

In order to correct this, the factory has now been moved closer to the headquarters. Meaningfully, the car-making industrial cluster in Detroit in the United States has also formed spontaneously. These include the contributions from the industry to state tax, revenue and employment, etc. Tax, Revenue and Balance of the Foreign Exchange Statistics have estimated that the annual output value of the car-making industry in the world as a whole amounts to about 1, billion US dollars, with that of the United States at billion, Germany, France, UK and Italy at billion, Japan at billion and Korea at 50 billion.

The rapid growth of the economy of Germany in the s and the taking-off of the economy of Japan in the s showed that there were somewhat the same inherent relationships between rapid growth of the economy and the high-speed development of the car industry. In this, the contributions of the car industry to state tax, revenue and employment were evident along with the rapid growth of the output value, development of related industries, services and job opportunities.

For example, in the tax levied from purchase and use of cars in Japan alone amounted to 8, billion Japanese yen, which accounted for 9. Meanwhile, in the taxes levied from production, purchase and use cars in Germany amounted to billion marks, which accounted for Additionally, the increase of car imports and exports through car-trading via the Car City will obviously help the build-up of foreign exchange earnings and in consequence to accommodate the balance of foreign trade of the country as a whole.

It can be anticipated that along with further expansion of the world car-market, the total amount of car exports in the world will increase correspondingly. Since the s, the total amount of cars exported around the world has maintained In , Germany gained a positive balance in car trading at It is clear that the car-making industry cannot be distributed or duplicated in one place randomly; nevertheless, networked car-related service businesses can be distributed and thus create more job opportunities.

Nowadays, in developed countries the total output value of the service industry has generated three quarters of the total GDP, and has provided 80 per cent of the total job opportunities in these countries. In the s, the amounts of direct and indirect employment of the car-making industries in the United States, Japan, Germany, France and Korea accounted for 1.

Statistically, in accordance with the ratio between direct and indirect employment in the car industry including sales, use of cars and other services, in the United States it was 1: Data from developed countries indicate that there is about 70 per cent of the total output value in the car-making industry actually transferred from other sectors through consumption of the materials and their products. When the output value produced by the carmaking industry increases by 1 yuan, it will bring in 0.

Consequently, it can be concluded that it is Table 3. Possible Side Effects However, it should be noticed that there might also exist side effects in this regard which cannot be neglected carelessly, e. Long Period of Returns and Inscrutable Risks in Financial Balance By now, there has been in total 50 billion yuan invested in the Car City in Shanghai, which is predicted to be the biggest car city in Asia. Moreover, recently, the Beijing Municipal Government has planned to spend more than 10 billion yuan in building up the Shunyi Car City in Beijing over eight years.

The impulse for the building up and rapid expansion of car cities around China certainly indicates a lack of overall planning, and will possibly result in the serious problem of a bubble economy. In this, there has been evidence of overspreading of car-making projects blindly across China, and experts from China have pointed out that this may result in an imbalance between supply and actual demand Jia, By plan, with a total investment of 2. Besides those mentioned above, there are also some other medium-sized car cities and avenues under construction in Shanghai.

Although the car industry, in particular the car-making producer services industry, in China is just at the beginning stage compared with that in developed countries, and it is making a good attempt to develop further, it is too anxious and will possibly result in more investment with more risk as the market law indicated previously. According to the current state of the car market in Shanghai, the chance of a sudden growth in car sales in such a short time is small if there is no great external stimulation.

If using the average rate of the annual per capita car-related expenditure of the total in the UK of 3. Until now, the total annual capacity of the Chinese car industry has been 1. In , the total output is expected to be , Consequently, there has been a large part of the existing capacity set aside. Data show that the 80, cars produced in were actually in excess of demand.

Services and Economic Development in the Asia-Pacific (The Dynamics of Economic Space)

The construction of the car cities and their development marks rise of the new generation of the car-making producer services industry in the contemporary world. Thus, Shanghai is one of the places in China with large-scale production capability for cars see Table 3. In , a total of This is one of the key reasons why the third form of the car-making producer services industry can develop in Shanghai in advance of elsewhere in China. Recently, moreover, this locational advantage has been enlarged enormously thanks to the further opening up and great performance of the economy of the Yangtze Valley, particularly the Yangtze Delta Area.

The Shanghai International Car City is located in the west of Shanghai and is one of the town areas that Shanghai plans to give priority to develop. Close to the Wusong River in the south, it is 32 kilometres away from the central city of Shanghai and 25 kilometres from the Shanghai Hongqiao Airport, the Shanghai Railway Station and the Zhanghuabin International Containership Terminal.

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There are, in total, more than 20 roads and highways connected to the central city of Shanghai and its surrounding areas. Additionally, the Shanghai-Beijing and Shanghai-Hangzhou railway lines pass through this area. The advantages of its geographical location and a convenient transportation network bring to the Shanghai International Car City an extensive hinterland and good external economies. In this, the Yangtze Delta Area holds 5. In , it gained That same year, the realized FDI reached A more encouraging phenomenon is that, for nearly 20 years, it has been maintaining a two-digit increase in terms of GDP.

Layers of Investment and the Level of Relative Industries Layers of investment refer to the successive cycles of economic development in a particular place or a region Massey, After nearly 20 years of effort, and because of the effect of layers of investment, a car-making industrial system, with combinations of the large, medium and small-sized enterprises and the core and correlated industries, has been eventually formed in Shanghai. In particular the correlated industries have been relatively mature. Because of this, the related service industry has recently made great progress in Shanghai, with a highly concentrated network of car-trading and service businesses.

In recent years "smartness" has risen as a buzzword to characterise novel urban policy and development patterns. As a result of this, debates around what "smart" actually means, both theoretically and empirically, have emerged within the interdisciplinary arenas of urban and regional studies. The concept of transition provides the broader context and points of reference for adopting smartness in reconciling competing interests and agendas in city-regional governance.

Using case studies from around the world, including North America, Europe and South Africa, the authors link external regime transition in societal values and goals with internal moves towards smartness. While reflecting the growing integration of overarching themes and analytical concerns, this volume further develops work on smartness, smart growth, transition, city-regionalism, governance and sustainability. Smart Transitions in City Regionalism explores how smart cities and city regions interact with conventional state structures.

It will be of great interest to postgraduates and advanced undergraduates across urban studies, geography, sustainability studies and political science. The complexity and importance of squatting practices are analyzed from a bottom-up perspective, to demonstrate how the spaces of squatting can be transformed by migrants. With contributions from scholars, scholar-activists, and activists, this book provides unique insights into how squatting has offered an alternative to dominant anti-immigrant policies, and the implications of squatting on the social acceptance of migrants.

It illustrates the different mechanisms of protest followed in solidarity by migrant squatters and Social Center activists, when discrimination comes from above or below, and explores how can different spatialities be conceived and realized by radical practices. This book is a timely and original contribution through its exploration of migrations, squatting and radical autonomy.

Thinking Big Data in Geography offers a practical state-of-the-field overview of big data as both a means and an object of research, with essays from prominent and emerging scholars such as Rob Kitchin, Renee Sieber, and Mark Graham. Part 2 addresses how the geographic study of big data has implications for other disciplinary fields, notably the digital humanities and the study of social justice. The volume concludes with theoretical applications of the geoweb and big data as they pertain to society as a whole, examining the ways in which user-generated data come into the world and are complicit in its unfolding.

The contributors raise caution regarding the use of spatial big data, citing issues of accuracy, surveillance, and privacy. Key organizing themes in the text include: Greater Seattle, then, is mapped as a key US urban region inscribed spatially by the uneven search for a more sustainable order.

Historically-sensitive, theoretically-informed and empirically topical, this book is of interest to scholars and students at all levels in regional planning, urban geography, political science, sustainability studies, urban sociology and public policy. Watts -- Even in plurinational Bolivia: The vast majority of the victims were between 14 and 19 years of age. He also placed bombs in a government building in Oslo, killing 8 and wounding others. In a 1, page manifesto in English posted on the internet hours before the massacres in which he referred to himself as a "Marxist hunter," he declared "preemptive war," targeting "Cultural Marxists" who propagate a "multiculturalist," ideology to which he attributed the decay of Western European and American "civilization and culture" and the promotion of a pro-Islamic "Eurabia.

By characterizing Breivik as an evil 'aberration' and abstracting his acts from the social and political context in which they took place, persuasive political arbiters and media reproduced what Allan Pred referred to as "situated ignorance," keeping people from attaining a more accurate knowledge and understanding of the events"--, Includes bibliographical references and index. In the post-Maoist era, China adopted a strategy for investing in the "quality" of its peopleothrough education and training opportunitiesothat created talented labor.

In her significant ethnographic study, Patriotic Professionalism in Urban China, Lisa Hoffman explains why the development of "human capital" is seen as fundamental for economic growth and national progress. She examines these new urban employees, who were deemed vital to the success of the global city in China, and who hoped for social mobility, a satisfying career, and perhaps a family. Patriotic Professionalism in Urban China addresses the emergence of this urban professional subject in Dalian, a port city in China.

Hoffman identifies who these new professionals are, what choices they have made, and how they have remained closely connected with the nationoalthough not necessarily the Communist partyoleading to a new social form she calls "Patriotic Professionalism. This book investigates urban growth management in the USA as a contested form of state territoriality. This book explores various aspects of the relationship between service industries and economic development in Japan, South Korea, China, Taiwan, Singapore, India, Australia and New Zealand.

It provides new sector-oriented and regional and national perspectives on services and development. Part I Dynamics of Economic Spaces: Change on the agglomeration of service firms in a metropolitan area: State market and the growth of services industries in metropolitan Guangzhou, Fiona F.

Yang and George C. Lin; SIA and Singapore: Reluctant state, decentralised markets and underdeveloped communities: Review quote 'This book extends our knowledge of service sector industries in Asia-Pacific countries. Essays from China, Korea, Australia, Japan and elsewhere illustrate the increasing importance of design services, information technology and other business services in this dynamic region. In sum, this important collection confirms a rich diversity of public policy towards services and how this sector is intertwined with goods production in Asia-Pacific.

The contributed papers will likely inspire scholars to conduct more rigorous research on this topic. About Professor James W. Book ratings by Goodreads.