Compendio de los felices progresos de la Universidad de Salamanca (Spanish Edition)

Immigrants are from Canada, Islam is now the second identified religion in Canada. Immigrants are from Bhutan. Immigrants from Somalia, main religion is Islam Wisconsin: Immigrants from India, Islam is the second religion i n the listing of the nine, after Hindu. Immigrants from Iraq, main religion is Islam New York: Immigrants from China, Muslim people have a strong presence within China, AD, and have been shaping Chinese culture for thousands of years.

Vermont and New Hampshire: Immigrants from Bhutan, most are Buddhist. There have been violent wars between the government and Muslims. There are nine recognized religions in India, Islam is the second religion in the listing of the nine. Islam spread into South Central Asia as early as the 8th century. The two states who received immigrants from Ethiopia were South Dakota and Colorado.

Catholicism through the influence of the Spanish presence soon became and it is recognized as the major religion. Of the 55 religious groups recognized in China, 10 are Sunni Muslim. It is very apparent to me that even though only four states are identified as receiving immigrants from two countries whose religion is Islam, all the other countries are greatly historically connected and influenced by Islam.

I suggest that the problems we are experiencing concerning the violence, progressive acts of not allowing diverse opinions on many university campuses is a result of the tenets of countries whose traditions do not include free speech, nor the right to practice the religion of one's choice. All religions should be respected evenly. Muslims who demand the right to practice Sharia Law, have the freedom to do so, in countries that practice Sharia Law.

United States of America is the most diverse nation in the world. Immigrants have come for various reasons and with varied success.

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It is assumed that coming to the Unites States will result in tremendous adaptation and changes on the part of the immigrant whose religion and traditions still condone and practice behavior abhorrent in the United States. It is the responsibility of the immigrant to make needed changes in becoming part of our great nation. The strength of our nation is based on the solid foundation of our constitution. Any act to weaken our constitution is an act to weaken our country. We must stand firm that the law of the land, is the United States Constitution.

I would think of special interest would be the home counties and the religions of those who were previously " legal" immigrants, but who have overstayed their VISA, and are therefore no longer legal. Since those entering with a VISA student, tourist, etc have a name and identify, it seems that information of who they are and where they are living would be important, especially since most terrorist activities in the United States have been by Muslim, here in this country legally.

For more on this topic, click to: Donald Trump, is the first United States President ever to hold the office without prior military or government service experience. He authored one bill. But, what should a Trump presidency look like? What is the proper, constitutional role of the Office of the Presidency? I urge you as an American citizen to take this course and deepen your understanding of the proper role of the President in a constitutional republic.

Thirteen Alabama counties saw a dramatic drop in food stamp participation after work requirement for able-bodied adults were restarted. Thirteen previously exempted Alabama counties saw an 85 percent drop in food stamp participation after work requirements were put in place on Jan. The counties - Greene, Hale, Perry, Dallas, Lowndes, Wilcox, Monroe, Conecuh, Clarke, Washington, Choctaw, Sumter and Barbour - had been exempt from a change that limited able-bodied adults without dependents to three months of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits within a three-year time frame unless they were working or participating in an approved training program.

As of April , the highest jobless rate among the 13 previously excluded counties was in Wilcox County, which reported a state-high unemployment rate of Ending the exemption has dramatically cut the number of SNAP recipients in the counties. That number dropped to 7, by May 1, Among the 13 counties, there were 5, adults ages without dependents receiving food stamps as of Jan. That number dropped to - a decline of about 85 percent - by May 1, The Trump administration has vowed to cut the food stamp rolls over the next decade, including ensuring that able-bodied adults recipients are working.

Read more in the article below. War of Independence The rationale for the honor may surprise many in the U. It rests on the fact that his singularly distinctive bravery helped herald the sound of liberty throughout the young U. Most fittingly, they help to remind us that our Spanish Mexican ancestors gave substantial blood and treasure during the U.

Most certainly, the early days of the struggle were unclear, with factions embracing one of two main camps; those supporting the status quo under England or those wanting change. Still, among the various military principals leading the independence cause, the coordinated efforts of an unlikely threesome were extraordinary: Essentially, their energy covered the colonies with a triangular-shaped blanket, with Gen.

Washington to the east. Consequently, the superb three-prong attack discouraged, delayed, and eventually defeated the English forces in America. By the time the U. Plus, through capable Spanish officers, he controlled access to the entire Mississippi River. In carrying out his orders, he operated his war strategy in two phases. His brilliant military strategy expelled the British from the Gulf of Mexico.

In winning this triumphant victory …, he had not only served his king to the limit of his strength but had made to the United States the most important gift an ally could offer: George Rogers Clark was from all indications highly admired among his contemporaries, such as Daniel Boone. Aided by substantial Spanish financing, Rogers Clark led his army in Missouri and helped end the British threat in the region. He was heavily criticized by political enemies, and his life spiraled downward from one controversy to another.

That may be why today he is not warmly embraced by mainstream U. He deserves the credit for successfully binding all the elements of war against England. Valley Forge, just outside of Philadelphia, deserves special mention. It was here where the Continental Army camped for the winter. Yet, they endured and finally achieved victory over the British at the Battle of Yorktown, Virginia, ending in October Indeed, there is much that mainstream historians choose to ignore in rendering U. Their help was crucial in the financing and equipping of the Continental Army.

President George Washington never forgot it. He meant to 1 show his personal gratitude to his brother in arms, and 2 officially recognize Spain for its vital financial and war materiel support. Clearly, their ancestors helped create the young U. He now lives in Universal City, Texas. He is the author of four books.

It is available through Amazon. Last week, officials from the U. While illegal immigration and drugs dominate much of the public discourse around U. We have devoted years of our professional lives in government, academic and social sectors to developing and implementing strategies for improving our countries' relationship. As such, we've been taken aback by the sharply critical U. Academic exchanges as long-term bridges We have seen firsthand the impact of programs on young Mexicans who returned from U. We've also witnessed how American students interacting with their counterparts in Mexico enhance the appreciation and respect for each others' countries.

Mexico ranks 10th for the number of full-time students studying in the U. There are many reasons for the low numbers, but here is the bottom line: Two such interconnected neighbors should be doing better. Their aim is to expand long-term investments in education and research partnerships between the U. More than , Mexican students - many of them from low income families - came to the U.

Private sector sponsors, however, have worked with the U. Building things together While targeting such exchanges provides opportunities to young scholars and promotes cultural understanding, it can also produce better educated workforces. That's much more than the U. The "fourth industrial revolution" is unfolding: Both countries are going to need better equipped labor forces to maintain this highly integrated production network and to compete with others in the world. He joins Senator Menendez in the fight to establish a Smithsonian museum dedicated to Latino history and culture.

We must honor their significant contributions to our country and ensure that future generations have a central place to learn about those contributions. Del Castillo continued to mesmerize viewers as came around. Aside from the industry, Del Castillo is an award winning and recognized activist and humanitarian. Kate Del Castillo continues to push the envelope on what it means to be a performer, a producer and a philanthropist.

A total of 1, grantees will receive state grant funding for their work spanning the Arts Council's 15 unique program categories, benefiting California's students, veterans, arts educators, at-risk youth, formerly incarcerated individuals, underserved populations, and communities at large. An arts service organization provides specialized, practical services to working artists, constituent organizations and the cultural community.

Collectively, these networks help to activate California Arts Council constituents, the arts community, stakeholders, and the public. Statewide artists, and media professionals in California will benefit. This grant will go towards expenses for the Latino Lens Incubators in the: All participants will be featured via nalip. By Felipe de Ortego y Gasca. T here are times when people have looked at me as if I were their wetback despite being born in Illinois and speaking English with a pronounced mid-western American accent.

Not that many years ago when I was on the faculty of the English Department at Sul Ross State University at Alpine, Texas, I was busy one afternoon tidying up my front yard and cutting the grass when a car pulled up to the curb and an attractive middle-aged white woman stepped out of the car and beckoned me with an understandable motion of her hand. When I reached the car she asked in a peremptory voice how much I charged for yard work.

Before I could say a word, in a loud peremptory voice the Registrar motioned that the trash baskets in the offices needed to be emptied. I explained that I was Professor Ortego and was there to pick up my class rosters. Professor Santiago Rodriguez, a social worker, and I were the two new hires for the academic year Together we doubled the Chicano faculty. It was obvious that while Mexican Americans were everywhere on campus as grounds—keepers, janitors, housekeepers, cafeteria servers, the white hegemonic elite of the university did not see Mexican Americans as faculty because there were so few of them as faculty, if any.

Of the 80 candidates, I made it to the finalist list as the number one candidate. That notwithstanding, the Board of Regents selected the number 3 candidate instead of following procedural protocol offering me the position as the number 1 candidate, despite strong student support for my candidacy as well as strong popular support in the Valley of South Texas.

Had I been given the job, I would have been the first Mexican American to head a state university in Texas. As a child and as a youngster I witnessed numerous instances of racism and discrimination but was unaware of their import. In caravans of cars heading west toward the fields of California we would stop at restaurants along the way. Select adults would go into the restaurants and emerge with armloads of food which we consumed outdoors.

As a child I saw these moments as picnics unaware of their genesis and portents. When I was 16 Snake Garibaldi rounded up a group of us guys from the Pilsen neighborhood and told us he had a girl who would have sex with us for a buck a piece. I was last in the Que. I gave Snake Garibaldi a buck and left. More often than not Mexican Americans have been cast either as bandits or as lovable rogues; as hot-blooded, sexually animated creatures or as passive, humble servants. An incident that my sister and I still remember vividly occurred when she was 7.

One day her teacher announced that my sister had head lice and was sent home with me accompanying her. A little known manifestation. An Underground Cultural History. Some years later for a class art Project I decided to Paint a rampant horse. I studied horse picture for accuracy, and when I finished turned the painting in to the teacher who tore up the painting, screaming at me that I had not painted the picture.

That ended my aspirations as an artist. Settling in my wife and I enrolled the two older boys in the neighborhood school. Shortly thereafter Luis, my second oldest boy, came home with a note requesting a conference with his parents. It seemed that Luis had a language problem.

I opted to look into the matter. Almost immediately after a perfunctory greeting the teacher began in a heavily pronounced Texas accent: That afternoon I explained the situation to my Commanding Officer who arranged Base Housing for me and my family whereupon I enrolled the boys in the Base School. In my subsequent assignment to Dyess Air Force Base in Abilene, Texas, we the family checked into a motel from which I made calls to realtors inquiring about house rentals.

With an eager jaunt at first, he slowed down as he got closer to us. The Base Commander fixed us up with quarters right away. The incidents cited above are tame compared to the travails and hardships endured by Mexicans cum Mexican Americans of the Conquest Generation of when wholesale murder and lynchings of Mexicans along the U.

The Mexicans who stayed in their homes in the territory of the Mexican Cession believed The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo would secure their safety and rights as explained by Mexican officials who promoted the territorial invasion of northern Mexico by the United States.

What to do with the Mexicans? But the sheer number of the Mexican population vetoed that possibility. The territory of the Mexican Cession was not as void of people as had been bruited. The Mexicans of the Mexican Cession face three difficulties: Though challenging, none of these difficulties were insuperable. The real problem would be Anglo attitudes towards Mexicans, a problem still unresolved to this day.

Baldwin uses that small Swiss village as a metaphor in cont rasting race relations in the United States between white European immigrants to the United States and African Americans who were brought to the United States as slaves. In " A Stranger in the Village," Baldwin relates his experiences in a small Swiss village composed of people who had never seen a Black man before he arrived in the village in the summer of Baldwin describes a kind of naive racism: Yet there is also a more sinister racism, even in a remote village that has direct experience with only one Black man: The first time I met Cesar Chavez was in El Paso in during the lettuce boycott; we would meet again during the grape boycott; and again during the march from the Valley in Texas to Austin in the year I turned We left Phoenix for Denton, Texas, in Cesar Chavez was one of those individuals whose stature grows commensurate with their public acclamation.

He was not a man who sought the limelight, but neither did he shun it when it was in the best interest of the farmworkers cause. For as Rabbi Tarfon reminds us: As we all know, thatcause was larger than just farmworkers. For Cesar Chavez that cause was a universal imperative. He was just 7 months younger than me. We both attended segregated schools in which there were no teachers who spoke Spanish and who punished us for speaking Spanish, the only language we had when we started school.

Bilingual Education was still four decades away. School did not seem like a venue for upward mobility for mejicanos. We both lived through the great depression; his parents and mine were itinerant workers. Cesar quit school in after finishing the 8 th grade; I quit school in after finishing the 9 th grade. We often talked of those dark days of World War II. I joined the Marine Corps in ; he joined the Navy in We kidded about Swabbies and Gyrenes.

I married in ; he married in After the war our lives took different turns. With the help of the G. Bill, I turned to a life of service in education; Cesar turned to a life of service with the farmworkers. His achievements are now legend. He was 66 when he died. There are many who claim his cause— la causa —which laid the groundwork for the Chicano Movement. The Farmworkers struggle was certainly one aspect of that movement just as the struggle for literary representation via the Chicano Renaissance was another aspect of that movement.

Cesar Chavez dedicated his life to the cause for social justice. In Chavez was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom posthumously for having "faced formidable, often violent opposition with dignity and nonviolence. He deserved the Nobel Peace Prize. Cesar Chavez Day March 31 is currently a holiday in eight states: In California, only three birthdays are official state holidays: Like Martin Luther King, Jr.

Many did not realize that then, and far too many still do not. Forty-seven of the states have memorialized his work by establishing holidays in his honor, but mean-spiritedness persists in three states. And in those states that have a Martin Luther King, Jr. In the tumultuous days of yore Martin Luther King Jr. Why would anyone want to burn a book about a young seven year old boy growing up in the llanos of New Mexico whose father wants him to be a rancher and his mother wants him to be a priest.

More distressingly, however, is that those who want to burn the book are Americans. Anti-Mexican hysteria in the United States has reached repulsive heights with rants about constructing a border wall that Mexico will pay for. Boston Herald assistant publisher W. Yet, during World War II, these insatiable tidbits of hearsay threatened to undermine civilian morale and even cause unrest within the military community when they nearly spiraled out of control. Navy vessels survived Pearl Harbor. Men and women were being killed at shipbuilding corporations for supporting military efforts.

The rumor mill churned. Recognizing the potential for widespread distrust and damage to civilian morale, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an executive order creating the Office of Wartime Information OWI on June 13, OWI consolidated several agencies, and was designed to be a central repository for overseeing and disseminating all wartime information that circulated in the United States. Twenty more clinics were proposed. But the program fledged and stalled under government bureaucracy.

After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December , the government did not immediately provide details on the number dead and how the United States would respond. It took three weeks for them to release an official statement. The delay, combined with previous mishandling of public information related to the war, caused public confidence to drop to an all-time low and rumors to proliferate. The rumor was placed in italics, followed by the word FACT. Post exchanges are operated to the benefit of the soldiers. The articles encouraged readers: Send in your rumors! What wild, damaging, morale-eroding stories similar to those described in this article are current in your community?

Readers who wish to help the Boston Rumor Clinic, and further the organization of similar clinics throughout the country, are urged to put such stories in writing and send them to Robert H. Soon after the articles ran, other clinics began cropping up across the United States. At one time, there were at least a dozen clinics in operation, in cities such as San Francisco, Philadelphia, and Syracuse. Some clinics were set up by social scientists.

Rumor clinics became a new way for civilians to get involved in the war effort.

1. Cross Point [Sunset Point] (Siren Publishing Menage Amour).
2. Messiah (Orchestral), no. 51: But thanks be to God.
3. www.newyorkethnicfood.com: Antonio de Luna: Books.
4. Haced Discipulos (Spanish Edition)!
5. Is America Fragmenting? (Annual Review of Sociology Book 35).
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The Roosevelt administration frowned upon these independent initiatives. It had established OWI to control the flow of information. The Boston relationship deteriorated after Allport criticized a report released by OWI, which attacked local clinics and their methods for researching rumors. A set of guidelines was issued in October of , outlining how the clinics should run. Groups that wanted to set up new rumor clinics were sent an extensive questionnaire.

What might be thought of as an extreme use of resources today was viewed as a necessary public intervention back then. Knapp likened a rumor to a torpedo. They had a man tell a random stranger on the street that the chimneys in Boston could hide anti-aircraft. A Special "thank you" for introducing me to this extraordinary Spanish General that assisted George Washington in winning the war of Independence against Great Britain. The Life and Times of Bernardo de Galvez, will be an illustrated historic novel, written and illustrated by Eddie Martinez.

Algo no me cerraba. El pueblo, seguro que no. Que, incluso resellada, era usada en Inglaterra y sus colonias. Creo firmemente que tanto Malvinas, como Belice, Esequibo y Gibraltar deben ser gestas conjuntas de la hispanidad. Saquen sus conclusiones sobre estos acontecimientos. Con las falsas independencias promovidas por Inglaterra, perdimos todos y fabricamos conflictos chauvinistas. Campos y Escalante campce gmail. Los anglosajones normalmente al hablar de la Historia de los Estados Unidos mencionan principalmente dos hechos: The ingenious maps played a role in some successful escapes.

A "Mark III" military escape kit, with a silk map peeking out. You pry it open—and find a secret compartment with a file inside. In other compartments, other surprises: His gambit was successful. Finally called in for an interview, Hutton told the top brass about how, as a young boy, he had dared a touring Harry Houdini to forego his standard props and escape from a brand new box, constructed in front of a live audience.

Christopher Clayton Hutton in , just after he begun working for the War Office. Hutton went straight to work. Over his six-year tenure as Technical Officer to the Escape Department, he would invent dozens of vital gizmos: These maps would need to be thin enough to be snuck into a boot or coat lining, durable enough to survive wear and tear in the field—but detailed enough that escaping soldiers could use them to find their way through unfamiliar terrain. Today, someone seeking accurate views of the world could turn to any number of satellite maps.

In the end, Hutton had to fly to Edinburgh, where he met up with mapmaker John Bartholomew, a decorated World War I veteran who was happy to aid the cause. He gave Hutton permission to use any and all of his maps, free of charge. The necessary material had to fit a number of criteria: The heavy papers were far too loud, revealing themselves at the slightest prodding. So Hutton turned to another substrate: Soon, his suppliers were churning out maps by the thousands, with frontiers, demarcation lines, and other vital information clearly marked.

Eventually, he heard about a boatload of mulberry leaf pulp, en route from Japan. A map of Danzig Port, showing where Swedish ships berthed to unload coal—a good escape prospect. The same qualities that made the mulberry paper perfect for weaponized balloons also made it ideal for maps. For soldiers not yet deployed, Hutton did as much as he could with flight boots: But the fighters who needed the maps most—those who had already been captured—were trickier to access. Hutton came up with a plan for that, too. He stuck maps into each side of a wooden chessbox, and a small wireless set inside the base of the king.

There was only one trick they never figured out: After Hutton approached them, the Waddingtons set up a secret room in their factory, where a select cadre of employees rejiggered the game boards—punching small compartments into them, hiding the tiny tools, and covering the hole with a game space decal.

All told, the British and American military produced 3. Orbanes says , captured airmen had freed themselves using tools designed by Hutton. The silk maps were declassified, and leftovers went on sale across Europe, as the same demureness and foldability that made them great escape aids made them even better scarves and handkerchiefs. This makes a certain amount of sense. Soldiers may eventually get rid of uniforms. We took a risk, yet active role to create our own income, to create our own work schedule, to ensure time as family and to have the time and space to grow socially, intellectually, artistically, spiritually.

We started back in making artisan coffee and hosting poetry readings for community members. From day one we have been about creating positive relationships and having a positive impact on the community we are also a part of. As folks began engaging with the space more and supporting it they made it more safe, welcoming and vibrant, we just continue to make the coffee and care how we interact with all of our relations. For the past year we have been roasting our own coffee and working directly with autonomous coffee producers.

We are focusing on the relationships within the production of coffee and reporting back to folks from our visits with coffee producers. We are raising resources to purchase a coffee roaster, import a ton of coffee and build a roasting space. A coffee roaster will not fit in our little cafe at 2nd ave, however, we are dedicated to adding on to our community space to roast and brew coffee, highlight the relationships involved in the coffee production process, create "sustain to gain" opportunities for coffee workers all while doing it in a good way- based on collaboration and participation.

Sin Fronteras Coffee will: Too many times the focus is on the quality of the end product and it's branding, rather than the quality of the relationships that are involved in producing a drip coffee, latte or a bag of perfect coffee. Customers do not have enough information about the production process of coffee and relationships involved. Objectifying coffee producers and hanging their photo on a wall or sensationalizing their name and homeland on an organic ink-based label is not the way to build meaningful relationships. We will shift the value back to the relationships by highlighting them.

With the operation of this project, we will implement a profit sharing program where both coffee producers and cafe workers benefit and participate in the growth of the project. A portion of sales will also go directly to a community based project "zapatitos", which focuses on early childhood literacy in Oaxaca, Mexico. This is more than just good jobs, it is about working together and actively participating in one's self-determination, it is about the relationships. There is a lack of coffee spaces which offer good coffee and good food with a welcoming artistic and cultural environment which builds with the community from the coffee lands from which the coffee originates.

Just like Akat Cafe Kalli, this work will occur in a vibrant community cultural space where people come together to create and engage in positive interactions; it's about the relationship, not the transaction. It is vital to shift resources to projects like ours where growth starts from below and expands horizontally, through collaboration and active participation. Sin Fronteras Coffee has a solid community base and experience from which to grow. The experience of Akat Cafe Kalli has been a dignified struggle, one which has brought upon us many lessons, blessings and has connected us with beautiful and strong people.

Over all it has been successful and we feel blessed and honored to be part of our community. There are many barriers to sustainable income and opportunities to gain economic and social agency within the coffee production process. We envision the free movement of people just like the coffee we all enjoy. Risks and challenges We understand that this project will take a lot of work and requires much time and energy.

However, we also understand that we must take care of ourselves, keep stress down, keep our relationships healthy and enjoy the process. In the end it is about having good relationships with ourselves, each other, the coffee and the land. We are thankful for your active participation. Greetings, We are experimenting with mailchimp as a means to keeping you updated on our progress on imaging the colonial records of New Spain.

I recently spent ten days last month visiting the sites of our current projects that being Durango, Guadalajara, and La Paz. In Durango we finished up the municipal archive and I was able to pick up our equipment and take it to La Paz. When I visited the state archive, Dr. Miguel Villabueno, greeted me with open arms by saying, "We were wondering when you were coming. My second visit was to Lic. He would like that collection imaged and we are working on getting permission to do just that. My next stop was La Paz where I deposited the equipment to begin imaging the colonial collection in the Pablo L.

The director Isabel Acosta was waiting for me with the contract which we signed to image the colonial collection online. I was impressed with the professional level of how that archive was functioning. They should be commended. They bent over backwards to help us by even allowing our man in Mexico, Ernesto Ochoa to image from 9: We should shortly have the Parral archive and the La Paz archive on that website followed by the Durango municipal archive and the Zamora, Michoacan archive.

I want to express our most sincere appreciation to all of you who have donated to make this possible. Our mailing address is: Do you have old family photos and documents that have been stored in poor conditions, so now they're deteriorated? If you answered YES to any of the above, there's a short course for you. Learn from experts about. Dear friend and partner, greetings! Several issue experts from the education community will join us to discuss this important subject.

Join by Facebook Live: A press conference is scheduled for Please see attached flyer for details, and click on this link to hear Alex Juarez provide information on this event: If you have not yet joined our Facebook page, please do and help us spread the word www. Many thanks for being part of this journey. Get Social with Us!

More than a family picnic, this courtyard of cousins is a well-spring of wonderful family knowledge and a great opportunity to give as well as receive. You can look up a surname or offer details about your next reunion. We would love to hear about it! Estos son los links de un par de medios que han recogido la noticia: To buy the book in Amazon. Remembering Brother Tom Treadaway, S. My dorm, Charles Francis Hall, was closed for the summer. A couple of hours later, after I had unpacked and settled down I walked over to Assumption Chapel to say a few prayers of Thanksgiving.

This was my tradition whenever I returned to the university. After climbing the concrete steps on the side of Reinbolt Hall, and with the blazing sun in my eyes, I opened one of the glass doors. Stepping inside I could barely see anything. There were no lights and my pupils had not adjusted to the darkness.

I managed to walk down the middle aisle towards the altar by touching the back of the pews when I bumped into some object. I stopped, waiting for my eyes to adjust. I then saw an open casket on a bier. I quickly took one step back and slowly leaned over very cautiously to see who it was. To my astonishment and in a state of shock, I just stood there staring down at him—it was Brother Tom Treadaway! It was a staggering blow. My throat felt dry and lumpy. The images that were rushing through my mind were about the graduation ceremony that took place just a days ago.

The distance from Laredo to San Antonio is about miles. After they rested, we went to the San Antonio Zoo, and I volunteered to drive. We got back in plenty of time to freshen up and head on to the Municipal Auditorium. Both can in retrospect prove to be fragile supports.

Some of the received wisdom of a quarter of a century ago, that seemed unassailable at the time, has not only been completely overthrown but salt has been sown on the ground upon which it once stood. But who is to say that the wheel may not in time turn full circle? In this particular case, too, there are a number of contemporary pressures, quite divorced from the historical realities of twelfth-and thirteenth-century Castile, that have made the current hunt for its feudalism fashionable, and belief in its existence academically de rigeur.

Tostatus Abulensis will not be found in From Frontier to Empire, any more than will the diocesan organization of Castile. The monastic and mendicant orders are included for their impact on the Spanish economy and for the roles they played in civil society, and not for any contributions they might have made to clerical learning or to architecture. The role of religious fanaticism, whipped up by popular preaching, is seen as secondary to socio-economic factors when the causes of the progroms against the Jews are examined.

There are equally strong implicit geographical preferences to be detected as well. It must be admitted that there has been and remains a strongly pro-Castilian bias in British medieval hispanism; one to which Angus has far from been immune. It is perhaps also a phenomenon that has manifested itself in the contents of the present volume. The research for his thesis took him to Seville, and it is the south rather than the north that has by and large attracted his attention ever since. From onwards he has contributed to all of the six international conferences on the history of Andalucia in the Middle Ages whose acts have so far been published, and many of his closest personal and scholarly links have been with the leading Andalucian historians of the period.

In the years between and he published a, for him relatively small, number of articles, several of which were directed primarily at economic issues. From onwards although no doubt some of these were written in preceding years he produced a flood of weighty articles covering an ever widening range of topics, and based upon an expanding range of evidence. While still recognizing the central importance in the interpretation of later medieval Spanish history of economic questions, and the need to answer them on the basis of properly collected and analysed data, it is not unreasonable to wonder if having to write this book was not in this way a liberating experience.

In the period surrounding its publication he produced two articles that remain amongst the most important of his shorter studies. Their impact on the book itself is marked. As he pointed out in another context, too often historians relied on what was little better than their own intuition. That he wished to see replaced by soundly based conjecture. In the article on the frontier ballads he made his first foray into the use of literary sources. As already mentioned the creative fusing of what would elsewhere be regarded as the separate disciplines of history and the study of literature is a distinctive feature of medieval Hispanism.

Not least was it was a marked feature of the programmes of the annual conferences of the British Association of Hispanists, to which Angus was introduced by Brian Tate. The use of contemporary literary sources became and has remained a major component of his approach to the history of later medieval Castile. As with his use of economic data, Angus recognized that such sources could only properly be used when their context, nature and purpose were fully defined. Thus, in his study of the frontier ballads, he concentrated on establishing the parameters of their use- Angus MacKay and Later Medieval Spain xv fulness as evidence, showing not least that they were the products of an upperclass literary culture that was far removed from the rather nebulous oral popular tradition to which they had previously been assigned.

In similar vein, his analysis of statistical data in his early study of the popular movements led directly to the uncovering of the precise social and economic roots of these urban uprisings and their relationship to the attacks on local Jewish communities. Deriving initially from an invitation to participate in a conference on the medieval history of the province of Albacete, this passed through various recensions, ranging from a talk at one of the annual meetings of the Historians of Medieval Spain, of which Angus was a founder member, through an article in the festschrift for Brian Tate, to its fullest incarnation in the short book in Spanish of , with its appendix of documents.

A senior lecturer in , he became a Reader the following year. In Angus succeeded his own former mentor, Denys Hay, and another distinguished Later Medievalist, Kenneth Fowler, as Professor of Medieval History; to this was added in the headship of the whole Department of History. The administrative burden of the latter, undertaken in a period of particular difficulty in the recent economic history of the University of Edinburgh, was heavy, and Angus was unwilling to allow it to circumscribe his commitments to teaching and to publication and research, with ultimately serious consequences for his health.

Retirement from his chair in opened the way towards recovery and the continuation of his research and publication. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in Those who only know Angus MacKay through his writings may have the essence of his scholarship, but have been denied one of its most startling expressions, its oral delivery. As a lecturer he has always been noted for his bravura performances; in particular the way he could deliver a carefully constructed and complex talk, with a complete mastery of detail and absolute fluency of speech, and yet without a single note.

The matters embraced by such exchanges of opinion could be wide ranging, and have been known to extend xvi Angus MacKay and Later Medieval Spain to such unexpected topics as the unsuitability for a hispanist of an interest in cricket. This is his positive zest for collaboration. A glance through the bibliography given below will show just how many articles he has co-authored with research pupils, colleagues and fellow hispanists.

He has also jointly edited an important chronicle source, and also shared editorial responsibility for three collections of articles and an atlas. But the same could also be said for what he has done for the understanding of economics, social relations, gender studies, the analysis of literary sources, the impact of war, the nature of the frontier, royal ceremonial, climate, apocalyptic, and the post-modernist understanding of fifteenth-century Castile; no mean achievement.

From Frontier to Empire, — Macmillan: Basingstoke and London, ; numerous reprints. Exeter Hispanic Texts vol. VII of C1, and as ch. Hacienda y Comercio Seville, , —23 [reprinted as ch. Anales de la Universidad de Alicante vol. XIV of C1, and as ch. Michael Oxford, , 81— Riley Chippenham, , 41— Essays in Honour of J. Highfield Warminster, , 49— Perry California, , 93— Europe and the Americas Past and Present, ed.

Elliott London, , 17— Schonfield London and Madrid, , vol. Essays Oxford, , —32 [reprinted as ch. Allmand Cambridge, , — Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. He holds doctorates in medieval history John Hopkins and modern Fribourg, Switzerland. His 14 books include most recently on Spain: Jews in the Notarial Culture , Negotiating Cultures: He is the author of Early Medieval Spain, — This was published as The Fortress of Faith: Recent publications include her biography, Catalina de Lancaster — Historia de un reinado ; rev.

His principal research involvements lie in the political and social history of England in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, but he also has a particular interest in Anglo-Iberian relations in the later Middle Ages. Among his publications with a bearing on this theme is John of Gaunt He has had a life-long interest in the history, literature and culture of Al-Andalus, and his research has dealt in particular with the Mozarabs, the Kharjas, and the Moriscos.

He has also written on Hispano-Arabic historiography and the history of travel writing about Spain and Morocco. He is now completing a book on the Mozarabs. His research has been primarily concerned with the history of the Kingdom of Granada in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries; concentrating on such topics as the frontier between Granada and Castile, the Christian repopulation of the region, state finance, the Mudejars, and the Moriscos.

He is also interested in the history of maritime trade in the western Mediterranean and in relations with North Africa in the same period. Among his most recent publications may be found: Among his publications are Spanish Phonology: Descriptive and Historical , The Manueline Succession: His publications include The Greatest Man Uncrowned: Interests in the history and theory of translation have also informed a number of his articles on fifteenth-century cultural history and on the Celestina.

Notes on the Contributors xxv Teofilo F. A student of Joseph R. He has published six books and over 40 articles in national and international scholarly journals, plus hundreds of reviews and smaller articles. His Crisis and Continuity: University of Pennsylvania Press, was awarded the Premio del Rey prize by the American Historical Association as the best book in Spanish history before within a two-year period, — His latest book, Spanish Society, — was published in Another book, From Heaven to Earth: Dorothy Sherman Severin has been the Gilmour Professor of Spanish at the University of Liverpool since , when she became the first woman to hold a chair of Spanish in Great Britain.

From to she was the first woman to hold the post of Pro Vice-Chancellor at the University of Liverpool. A specialist in the literature of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabel, she is internationally known for her monographs and editions of the Spanish classic, Celestina, as well as for her editions of and work on the Spanish songbooks of the fifteenth century.

In particular, to what extent, if at all, could alternative forms of Christianity coexist within the same society? This question relates not least to the survival of long-established indigenous traditions of religious thought and practice in Spain, stretching back to Late Antiquity, whose continuance was threatened in the later eleventh and twelfth centuries, and whose ensuing elimination has rightly been seen as marking the most significant rupture in the development of medieval Spanish Christian culture.

However, an approach through one particular codex may at least serve to illustrate both long term continuities and their demise. An estate that may once have been theirs, and which by then had come into the possession of the abbey of Albelda, features in a charter of around , but Sancho and Bizinnina themselves make their only appearance in recorded history as the patrons of the copying of this manuscript; something for which they should be remembered with gratitude, as without them a unique version of an important work would have been lost.

Such a book did not concern itself with the regular rites of the liturgical year, that is to say the daily masses of the sanctoral and temporal, which would have been found in a Sacramentary. Nor did it contain the texts used in the monastic daily offices, which appeared in the Books of Hours. Instead, it provided what was needed for the performance of all kinds of additional or exceptional services, ranging from prayers for someone setting out on a journey to the waxing of a first beard, or from a mass in time of public calamity to a votive mass for a catechumen suffering from diabolical possession.

Only three Libri Ordinum of the Mozarabic rite have survived, together with minute fragments of two others. A charter of the Galician monastery of Sobrado, dating to , can be cited as the clearest statement of the distinction between them. The latter contained only those services for which priestly rather than episcopal status was sufficient. Even so, the presence of this important relic had not permitted the monastery to flourish, and its earliest extant document, dated to , records the transfer of its somewhat meagre properties, and the submission made by its abbot and his six surviving monks to the far more flourishing monastic community of Albelda, its near neighbour to the west.

This scribe was probably not himself a monk of San Prudencio. The latter has left no evidence of ever possessing a scriptorium, and the wording of the scribal colophon makes it more likely that Bartholomew was working for an abbot other than his own. These stylistic arguments are powerful and persuasive, and they have been accepted without reservation in the most recent study of the scriptorium and manuscripts of Silos.

The resolution of this conflict will emerge presently, but first it is necessary to give some indication of why the Albeldan case is such a strong one. However, the ruling that is cited actually comes from the decrees of the Council of Valencia of , and virtually all manuscripts of the Visigothic conciliar collections offer the correct reading: This is no paradox: The latter is a copy of the former, and not the original. Such a suspicion can only be reinforced by the evidence of the crucial scribal colophon. This is placed not, as might be expected, at the end of the manuscript, but thirteen folios before its conclusion in its present state.

There was thus no apparent hiatus between the writing of the colophon and that of the texts that follow it. The colophon 4 Medieval Spain itself, very unusually, extends over two pages. It starts on folio verso and is carried on to folio recto. Stylistically as well as physically the colophon we are concerned with, unlike that in Silos MS, a.

The latter would have ended with the colophon, in which the scribe was able to wax verbose because of the amount of space left on his final page. These are the questions of how this manuscript came to Silos, and the status and significance of the texts that it contains. Until the year Silos and San Prudencio belonged to two different and mutually antagonistic kingdoms. There are no recorded contacts between the two monasteries, and no obvious contexts for them, either in the period leading up to the holding of the Council of Burgos in and the formal condemnation in the course of it of the use of the Mozarabic liturgy, or thereafter.

Once again the arguments are art historical, as the present state of the study of Visigothic palaeography does not permit of the assigning of manuscripts to identifiable monastic scriptoria on the basis of script alone. Although this has been disputed, Silos may have only had a functioning scriptorium of its own in the later eleventh and early twelfth centuries. It has been suggested that only 21 per cent of manuscripts now associated with Silos were actually written there, and its debts to its neighbours have been calculated as follows: When it arrived in Silos can not be easily determined, though the chances are that this occurred at a relatively early stage.

In the thirteenth century a list of books was added to a copy of the Etymologiae of Isidore of Seville that had been written at Silos in by the priest Ericonus. This is normally taken to represent a catalogue of the books then in the Silos library. However, a marginal note in a twelfthcentury hand on folio v contains the opening words of a liturgical response said to have been composed for the feast of Santo Domingo, the former abbot of Silos.

While the papal assault on the survival of the Mozarabic liturgy was gathering strength in the middle decades of the eleventh century, moves were made to head it off and to justify the continued use of the old Spanish rite. Amongst the defensive measures taken is an episode recorded in an eleventh-century note added to the Codex Aemilianensis, in which it was reported that four manuscripts containing service books of the Mozarabic liturgy were taken by three Navarrese bishops to Pope Alexander II —73 who, having examined them, together with the abbot of Monte Cassino, accepted their perfect orthodoxy and sanctioned their continued employment.

It seems more reasonable to suppose that the three houses concerned were known to possess particularly authoritative or old examples of the service books in question. Of the manuscripts of Santa Gema, which was given to the bishop of Pamplona in , nothing is known. Only in the case of the Liber Ordinum of Albelda do we have, in MS Silos 4, a possible copy of a copy of the famous book that ought to have convinced Pope Alexander II that the Spanish liturgy was both ancient and orthodox.

The book itself confirms the impression that it was a rather special copy of the Liber Ordinum. Simply put, there are numerous similarities, both in the texts of the various services and in their ordering in the manuscripts. In general, though, it could be said that about ninety-odd per cent of the contents of the earlier manuscript are to be found in the later, and generally, though not entirely, in the same order. These include virtually all of the texts that have made the former famous, such as the liturgy for a king setting out to war and for his return from campaign.

It is just conceivable that fugitive Donatists appeared in Spain as a result of the migration of clerics from North Africa that took place in the mid-sixth century, but none have ever been recorded. It is thus possible that the archetype of this section of the book was a lost African liturgical libellus of fourth to sixth-century date. While the office of archpriest survived, albeit in a modified form, that of primiclericus or primiclerus may not have outlived the seventh century.

One case in particular needs to be mentioned here, because of its perceived relationship to MS Silos 4. A bishop of such name is known from conciliar subscriptions to have held the see of Pax Iulia the later Beja in the s. Indeed, a comparative study of the growth of the use of this particular type of liturgical book in the Western Church in general would have shown that no such fully developed an antiphonary, with completely integrated sanctoral and temporal, could have existed at so early a date.

But that some of its contents do have a seventh-century origin can easily be demonstrated. Amongst the best known of these are the ceremonies to be performed when a king sets out for war, and for when he returns. The rubrics for the latter have not been preserved, but those for the former accompany the prayers, benedictions and antiphons of the service. It may be assumed that the lost rubrics of the ritual for the royal return dealt with the way that this precious relic was again taken back into the safe keeping of the church in which it was housed in times of peace.

A few other elements of what may be called the liturgy of kingship have survived in a handful of extant Mozarabic service books. Other ceremonies of Visigothic origin that were no longer of practical value, were purged from the books in the course of their being copied and recopied.

In other words, the Asturian, Leonese, Castilian, and Navarrese kings of those centuries still had their reigns inaugurated by ceremonies that may have originated in the preceding Visigothic period, but had given up most of the other, elaborate ceremonies that their Visigothic predecessors had once enjoyed. That such continuities were indeed practised may be seen, for example, from the very similar accounts of the ways in which the Visigothic king Wamba in and the Castilian monarch Fernando I in adopted the penitential state when it appeared that their last hours were on them.

So, it must be asked if the ceremonies of the initiation of a royal campaign, preserved uniquely in MS Silos a. The most recent editor of the manuscript has, for example, suggested that the rubrics were added in the period of the Asturian or Leonese kingdoms, whose first king, Pelayo, was later said to have had a wooden cross with him at the battle of Covadonga c. A photograph taken while it was in dismantled state in revealed that a square space in the centre of the cross provided room for a reliquary, possibly containing another supposed fragment of the True Cross.

The only such dedication recorded in early medieval Spanish sources is that of the church in Toledo, also known as the Praetoriensis, in which the 8th , 12th , 13th , 15th , and 16th Councils of Toledo were held. It is hard to credit that if the accompanying rubrics were not composed until the tenth century, the text of the oratio itself would have been allowed to retain so specific and so anachronistic a reference to a church and a city that passed into Muslim hands in , and did not return to Christian rule until ; five years after the formal condemnation and abandonment of the old Mozarabic liturgy.

There are, in fact, no grounds for doubting that the rubrics, like the text, belong to the seventh century. This is not the only such example that can be given, although it is the best known. In this text the specific episcopal church of Sancta Ierusalem or Holy Jerusalem is mentioned. They were the cathedral churches of the two cities. Subsequent phases in its elaboration are suggested by the inclusion of certain saints.

The two former were the only non-Cordoban victims of the mid-ninth-century Martyr Movement, being executed by the Muslims in Huesca. The presence in it of Saints Nunila and Alodia is likely to represent the most recent, Navarrese phase of its history, but its inclusion of Pelagius could represent a preceding Leonese one.

To be certain of this, though, would require a preliminary study of the evidence for the wider dissemination of the cult of St. Pelagius in Navarre by the time this manuscript was written; something not yet undertaken. While all such indications have been removed from the Aemilianensis, our manuscript reveals clearly that it is made up of components from three separate sources, of unequal age and size. Surprisingly, this has not previously been noticed or commented upon. The division between the first and second of these sources may be seen clearly in the list of contents on folios 6 to 7 verso of the manuscript.

In other words, two separate texts seem to have been copied consecutively, without the distinction between them being eliminated. The individual items of the contents support such a view, in that the seventy-eight items of the first section are almost all benedictions, exorcisms and special Ordines, while the forty-eight pieces in the second section are predominantly mass texts that are not part of the regular temporal and sanctoral. It is also notable that hardly any rubrics survive in this second part of the book. It should also be recognized that all of the items that have definite or probable Toledan and Visigothic associations come from the first section alone.

The third section consists of the handful of texts located in the manuscript after the scribal colophon. Several of these have retained substantial rubrics. This latter feature suggests they have come from a different source than the mass texts of the second section. They probably derive from another, lost, Liber Ordinum and constitute items previously missing from the Silos book or its immediate exemplar. To these, three more mass texts were added subsequently, probably in Silos, and at some point not long after the writing of the rest of the book. It thus seems that at least three, and quite possibly four, different sources contributed to the text of our manuscript.

The Silos manuscript, therefore, while younger in date of writing is more archaic in its contents, and retains evidence of earlier phases in the development of Mozarabic liturgical compilations. The distinction between the two types of book that make up the major components of the text of this manuscript may thus be a clue to the forms taken by earlier types of service book. In other words, the kind of service book known as the Liber Ordinum, as we now have it in our three extant manuscripts and two fragments, could be essentially a creation of the Leonese—Navarrese church of the tenth century.

This is certainly true of the Antiphonary. Earlier, Visigothic, books may have been much smaller and more specialized in their contents than these later complications. This is also the conclusion which a parallel study of the development of the Roman liturgy in these centuries would lead one to expect. In this sense it marks a small bridge across what has otherwise tended to be seen as a great divide.

While this may just be an oversight, there are reasons for suspecting that it was not. The Roman Church in the eleventh and twelfth centuries used sacramentaries, pontificals for bishops , antiphonals and hymnaries. It no longer had a close equivalent for the old Spanish Liber Ordinum. It may be, therefore, that the status of an example of the latter could seem at least ambiguous, when not formally condemned by name and not replaced by a direct Roman equivalent. Whether or not this explains why MS Silos a. The evidence for this comes in the form of a number of marginal notes in twelfth or early thirteenth-century hands that were added to various pages of the codex, and from a series of changes and additions to the musical notation that accompanied several of the ordines and masses.

The view that this was a book that continued to be employed after is reinforced by the evidence of some of the scribal notes added to it. As this appears on folio v, alongside the text of the Ordo ad benedicendos eos qui nobiter nubunt, it has reasonably been accepted that this was a list of such recently married lay folk, who were to receive the benediction that the Ordo contains. While a few other shorter notes may be ambiguous, these three more substantial additions, together with the changes to the musical notation, indicate that this manuscript was still serving as a working service book, at least for certain purposes, for a century or more after it should have ceased to be used.

The handful of late medieval and sixteenth-century notes give no such impression, and it is likely that the the difficulty of reading the Visigothic script, if no other reason, would have rendered the manuscript effectively unemployable in or possibly by the mid-thirteenth century. In that year and at an uncertain location, later said to be near Guarrazar, to the south-east of Toledo, a treasure was uncovered, apparently by some peasants working the land. The first public announcement of the discovery came when the now restored objects that had been smuggled out of Spain went on show in Paris in Very remarkable they proved to be.

There was one large and several small hanging crowns, all intended for liturgical use, in the way that some of the rubrics of MS Silos 4 clearly indicate. While a coherent and credible story of the processes of the discovery of the treasure and its dispersal and possible partial destruction never emerged, a small number of other items from the hoard did then make their way into the hands of the Spanish government.

Amongst these was another large crown, this time recording the name of King Suinthila — While no more items came to light thereafter, the episode clearly continued to rankle. While the two large crowns indicate the gradual formation of the treasure, across a period extending from at least the s to the s, its deposition has long and rightly been associated with the Arab conquest of the kingdom and of the city of Toledo in or soon after Such a place may be at the root of the legend preserved in some later Arab accounts of the conquest that on their deaths the Visigothic kings gave their crowns to be hung up in one special location in the city.

While there were several crowns of varying size, there also emerged from the treasure, and now to be seen in Madrid, two sections of the arms of a gold and bejewelled processional cross. This, of course, is far from its sole or primary importance. It also provides eloquent testimony to the formative phases of the creation of the distinctive Spanish Mozarabic liturgy in the late Visigothic period.

In itself it shows how the liturgical traditions then forged were expanded and developed, up to the time in the mid-eleventh century when their survival was challenged. It may well be the only extant copy of a book that was used, ultimately unsuccessfully to resist that threat. Finally, it also shows how in various small ways the suppression of the Mozarabic liturgy in was not quite as complete as those who promoted it may have hoped. However, the very restricted nature and short chronological extent of its continued use probably only reinforces the sense that the late eleventh century marked a real caesura in the religious and intellectual culture of Castile and Navarre.

There was to be no convivencia for alternative forms of Christianity, however deeply rooted and long-established the indigenous version may have been.

Pareja policiaca (Spanish Edition)

Many published judgments as to the dates and provenances, both regional and local, of manuscripts in Visigothic script are thus in evidential terms little better than guesswork. However, that this is even a problem that needs urgently to be addressed has yet to be recognized.

Liturgy and Illumination in Medieval Spain London, , pp. The most recent editor reads the date as era TLXL. The second L in LXL, which is an unusual but not unique version of the Roman numerals for 90, is disputed. If the obscured digit was not an L, it may have been a V, giving a Spanish era date of , which is AD There is no way to resolve this problem.

Beaumont Collegeville, Minnesota, , pp. They are too small to know which class of Liber Ordinum they come from.

Expediciones Españolas a Norte América que costaros miles de vidas

Monasticon hispanicum, item , pp. Cartulario de Albelda, ed. Ubieto, docs 41 and 42, pp. The correct reference is to canon 4 of the Council of Valencia: As the final text now to be seen is truncated at the bottom of the last folio, number v, the original manuscript contained at least one more bifolium. Liber Ordinum episcopal, ed. This does not seem justified in the light of the argument here being advanced. On the Council of Burgos and the events leading up to it, see Bernard F. The list is headed: See also Janini, Liber Ordinum episcopal, p. As the gift had already been delayed by a generation, and yet a further postponement was envisaged, the books may never have actually come to the monastery.

Chronologically, the approximate date of the first offer of the donation, which must be earlier than c. The tentative suggestion made in note 34 on p. Liber Ordinum episcopal, pp. Hillgarth, Christianity and Paganism, — Janini, item xxxviiii, pp. Frend, The Donatist Church 2nd edn Oxford, Although several Roman and RomanoFrankish sacramentaries kept texts relating to the reception of Arians well into the ninth century, these are far briefer and less specific than the service in the Silos MS.

XIV Centenario, — Toledo, , pp. New Approaches Oxford, , pp. New York, , pp. Janini, item , p. In other such ordines, e. Feb, and VII Kal. The blank space left on this folio, together with two subsequent folios, were subsequently used, probably at Silos, for these final extensions, which were made by two different hands; the division between them comes on fol. See Vivancos, Glosas y notas marginales, p.

Vivancos, Glosas y notas marginales, p. If acepted, this would mean there were no such additions made to the MS after the 12th century. I, book IV, ch. This could derive from the ninth-century collection of traditions made by Ibn Habib: Habib, Kitab al-Ta ri j La Historia , ed. On the legends of the conquest of Toledo see R. Lowe to establish objective criteria for the dating of Visigothic manuscripts, in his Studia Palaeographica.

Klasse, Jahrgang , 12 Munich, proved equally ill-grounded.

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I Wiesbaden, , added the sub-title mit Ausnahme der wisigotischen! News of the spectacular victory spread rapidly throughout Europe. During the course of the twelfth century, influenced by successive papal pronouncements, which had gradually begun to equate the Iberian campaigns against Islam with the eastern crusading theatre, by the views of Spanish bishops who had either attended papal councils or were well-informed about their deliberations, by the ideological impulses that were carried into Spain by 23 24 Medieval Spain French magnates who had fought on the First Crusade, and doubtless by the enthusiasm of Spanish nobles who had themselves taken part in armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land, members of the lay nobility had begun to be persuaded that military activity had a spiritual and penitential value if it were directed against pagan peoples and was thus a praiseworthy way to gain the grace of God.

The crossover between the Cooper-pair condensation and the Bose-Einstein condensation of ''di-electronic'' molecules in two-dimensional superconductors is investigated in detail on the basis of the Nozieres and Schmitt -Rink formalism. This feature is rather universal irrespective of strength V of the attractive interaction of the s-wave type. While the former class a has been found by Schmitt -Rink, Varma, and Ruckenstein, existence of the latter class b is recognized here. In the case where V is fixed, class a is realized for electron number density N smaller than N cr , which is an increasing function of V, and class b is realized for N larger than N cr.

If N much-gt N cr in particular, there exists a regime, where the Fermi-liquid-like description is valid, between the BCS-type mean-field transition temperature and the Fermi temperature. In the situation where V is changed with N being fixed, low-temperature states for the strong-coupling case belong to class a while those for the weak-coupling case belong to class b. After a transcription of the original description of Lutzomyia Trichopygomyia dasypodogeton Castro , , first published very briefly in a non-scientific journal, the authors redescribe, with drewings of the importante taxonomic elements, both sexes of the species.

A key for the identification of the species of the subenus Trichopygomyia Barreto, , is also given. It is described as a unique reference book for academics, governmental officials, legal professionals, business executives, researchers and students. This plant behavior can increase production of reactive oxygen species ROS and consequently, the oxidative stress, cellular Full Text Available Spain and Portugal experienced a time of intense cultural exchange from onwards through two major female figures in the two countries who were bound by strong intellectual and personal links.

Ana de Castro was a writer prominent in politics, journalism and Portuguese literature from the late 19th century, and Carmen de Burgos was the first professional Spanish woman journalist and one of the most important writers of the first third of the 20th century. They shared the ideals of equality for women and social justice for all, in conjunction with their incessant work in the press and in literary creation: Ana de Castro , more as a political figure, Carmen de Burgos, more as writer. We remember here the intense activity that they shared and the wide echo that it found in the press of both countries.

Evidencia la necesidad de proponer lineamientos cognitivos conductuales dirigidos a incrementar estas competencias en el contexto laboral. The study determines the competen Castros y aldeas en la Lora burgalesa. The implantation of Feudalism in Castile is the consequence of some social transformations, which have their origin in the crisis of tribal societies, that starts some centuries before.

There is a rupture in the settlement patterns, that means great changes in the social, economic and political organization. Its analysis in one of northern Castile's districts, the Lora, which is a peripheral area, shows the withdrawal of the Iron Age's hill-forts and the consolidation of the villages, because of an agrarian colonization, which develops during the last centuries of the First Millenium A.

A multi-method high-resolution geophysical survey in the Machado de Castro museum, central Portugal. Restoration of historical buildings is a delicate operation as they are often built over more ancient and important structures. The Machado de Castro Museum, Coimbra, Central Portugal, has suffered several interventions in historical times and lies over the ancient Roman forum of Coimbra.

This building went through a restoration project. These works were preceded by an extensive geophysical survey that aimed at investigating subsurface stratigraphy, including archeological remains, and the internal structure of the actual walls. Owing to the needs of the project, geophysical data interpretation required not only integration but also high resolution. The study consisted of data acquisition over perpendicular planes and different levels that required detailed survey planning and integration of data from different locations that complement images of the surveyed area.

Therefore a multi-method, resistivity imaging and a 3D ground probing radar GPR , high-resolution geophysical survey was done inside the museum. Herein, radargrams are compared with the revealed stratigraphy so that signatures are interpreted, characterized and assigned to archeological structures. Although resistivity and GPR have different resolution capabilities, their data are overlapped and compared, bearing in mind the specific characteristics of this survey. It was also possible to unravel the inner structure of the actual walls, to establish connections between walls, foundations and to find older remains with the combined use and spatial integration of the GPR and resistivity imaging data.

Full Text Available Harvestmen Arachnida: Opiliones are arachnids with wide geographical distribution, most species being recorded in Neotropical regions. These organisms have low dispersal ability, a high degree of endemism and are sensitive to environmental change; they also participate in the cycling of soil organic matter, since the eating habits of many species are detritivorous.

Two methods were used for capture: Monthly active collections were carried out by four people over one hour. The following species of harvestmen were captured: Paecilaema marajoara, Paraprotus quadripunctatus, Taito kakera and Cynorta sp. Sclerosomatidae; and four adults and one immature insect of the family Manaosbiidae. All the harvestmen recorded in this survey were captured during the free night-searches. This is the first report of the genera Geaya and Cynorta, and the species P. The chrono-stratigraphie sequense of asturian castros: Full Text Available A synthesis is presented of the current state of knowledge of castros in Western Asturias according to the archaeological evidence -stratigraphy, typological studies, and absolute dates-, supporting the hypothesis that pre-Roman fortified settlements existed in Asturias with long occupation sequence.

Moessbauer studies of Haltern 70 amphorae from Castro do Vieito, North of Portugal, and of amphora sherds from kilns in the Roman provinces Hispania Baetica and Lusitania. An amphora whose handle was carefully studied must have been fired reducingly at a temperature of or above about Degree-Sign C and cooled in oxidizing conditions in the end.

Oxidation and hematite formation went hand in hand, and the amount of hematite formed depended sensitively of the speed of penetration of the oxygen and the cooling rate in the interior of the ceramic body. Full Text Available D. In this novel, the women and the native people represent the resistance to the patriarchal, colonialist and enslaver society. Narcisa de Villar denounces the institutional and symbolical violence, which interlines the construction of the Brazilian nation, disestablishing, in this way, the configuration of the national identity, since she gave voice to the subaltern voices.

Se comentan datos sobre la historia de su descubrimiento en ese macizo. Con el conjunto de todas ellas se elaboran varios mapas. An updated view of the situation within the Castro Valnera mountain range of three species of high regional interest is provided: The history data of their discovery within that mountain range is discussed. Collections data and field citations are gathered and listed for each of them and several maps are drawn with the whole of them. Finally, comments that contribute to the knowledge of their environmental performance are provided, as well as some guidelines and criteria to be considered for their protection.

Private visit to the CMS assembly site of Dr. Carl Schmitt y el pensamiento del orden concreto: Full Text Available This paper presents a critique of the decisionist interpretation of the concept of sovereignty which Carl Schmitt proposes in Political Theology. Their interest lies in the fact that they are the first references to each one and provide useful data on the history of the pieces. But the most striking is the presentation of an inscription in S.

The paper presents hypotheses on this puzzling and perhaps erroneous fact. Castro en su territorio. Full Text Available The figure of archbishop don Pedro de Castro was extremely important for the development of immaculist devotion in Granada in the 16th century and beginning of the 17th century. In the wake of the famous discoveries of the Sacro Monte, it will produce an evolution of this belief in land Granada at the request of this prelate, who took the issue as one of his personal priorities in his episcopate.

Intelligent handling of the issue by the Archbishop, while the findings of the Sacro Monte were subsequently convicted of Rome, eventually landing in the erection of the Abbey, in the ideological use of all of this, as well as the extension of the conceptionism in Granada. We examined the stomachs of fish caught monthly between September and August Feeding indices and coefficients were determined and used along with the results of multivariate analysis to develop diagrams of trophic interactions food webs.

Results show that these species are largely opportunistic predators. The most important prey items are amphipods, gobies Gobiidae , shrimps Palaemon serratus and Crangon crangon , and polychaete worms. The lower Estuary and associated salt marshes are important nurseries and feeding grounds for the species studied. In this area, it is therefore important to monitor the effects of changes in river runoff, nutrient input, and temperature that result from construction of the Alqueva Dam upstream.

Anepigraphic and with extended bearskin form, its finding reinforces the existence of hospitium among the Cantabrian people and the maintaining of fluid relations with the Plateau and Celtiberia, where we find its closest parallel. Laboratory procedures involved wet sieving of ca. Permanent slides were mounted with aliquots of the rich cyst fraction and examined under the light The embayment sample Horta Harbour was rich in Protoperidinium and Scrippsiella-like cysts with no and -like cysts with no calcareous walls probably due The fact that D.

Ejercer el poder en un pueblo de frontera: Mechanisms of global diversification in the marine species Madeiran Storm-petrel Oceanodroma castro and Monteiro's Storm-petrel O. Insights from a multi-locus approach. The evolutionary mechanisms underlying the geographic distribution of gene lineages in the marine environment are not as well understood as those affecting terrestrial groups.

The continuous nature of the pelagic marine environment may limit opportunities for divergence to occur and lineages to spatially segregate, particularly in highly mobile species. Here, we studied the phylogeography and historical demography of two tropically distributed, pelagic seabirds, the Madeiran Storm-petrel Oceanodroma castro , sampled in the Azores, Madeira, Galapagos and Japan, and its sister species Monteiro's Storm-petrel O. Both marker types support the existence of four significantly differentiated genetic clusters, including the sampled O.

Multi-locus coalescent analyses suggest that most divergence events occurred within the last ,years. The proximity in divergence times precluded robust inferences of the species tree, in particular of the evolutionary relationships of the Pacific populations. Despite the great potential for dispersal, divergence among populations apparently proceeded in the absence of gene flow, emphasizing the effect of non-physical barriers, such as those driven by the paleo-oceanographical environments, philopatry and local adaptation, as important mechanisms of population divergence and speciation in highly mobile marine species.

In view of the predicted climate change impacts, future changes in the demography and evolutionary dynamics of marine populations might be expected. The article attempts to demonstrate that both subjects - starvation and eugenics - are the central categories that express tension and communion in these three authors' approaches to this field of knowledge. Reflections of the academician of AUAS Fedor Schmitt on the museum audience of s and the relevance of their study in the context of museum sociology in Ukraine s years.

Those publications are focused on different aspects of learning of needs, motivations, expectations, behaviors, a social-demographic portrait and categories of the museum audience. It has been shown that the attention of the Ukrainian museum staff to the discussed aspects is not only limited by year The scientific heritage of the academician of All-Ukrainian Academy of Sciences Fedor Schmitt has been analyzed by the author of the study in order to separate aspects of his activity that can become the certain foundations of the study of the museums audience museum sociology both in the days of the scientist and in modern Ukraine.

Medieval Spain: Culture, Conflict and Coexistence

The Soviet system not only denied his progressive views, but condemned them to death. It is quite predictable that the issue of the museum audience was studied by the heritage saver and art scientist. It was led by F. The draft charter of commission, designed by him, pushed to the study of the theory and practice of museology in all its spheres. Although none of F. Schmitt works before the beginning of s included. Los ciclones tropicales tie nen una presencia latente en la ciudad.

Full Text Available Resum: The study of music academies is not quite known. From few works on literary academies, this article will focus on the music academy that of Juan de Borja i Castro hold in Madrid. In this way, if the courtly literary patronage is already an issue with multiple variants, the approach to other artistic activities, such as the music, it is even more.

In the following pages, it will delve into the various aspects of erudition of Juan de Borja with the thread of the academies, as a centre of intellectual, creative and cultural promotion and personal. The article aims to show the relevance of this. First it looks at how the author introduced modern dietary principles at the same time that hunger and malnutrition were unveiled in parts of Brazil, aiming at the configuration of a national alimentation policy. This plant behavior can increase production of reactive oxygen species ROS and consequently, the oxidative stress, cellular damage and metabolic disorders.

In order to protect the cells from ROS, these plants developed an efficient antioxidant system. This system can be constituted by phenolics compounds that have an important effect on oxidative, anti-inflammatory and microbial stability important properties for food, dietary and pharmaceutical industries.

Composite samples of Salicornia patula, Salicornia ramosissima, Sarcoccornia fruticosa and Sarcocornia perennis were collected in Sequential extraction was realized: Finally, the main compounds present in each extract were identified by GC-MS Gas chromatography—mass spectrometry. The total of phenolic compounds and polyphenolic antioxidants in the extracts was also determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method. The Castro technological domain system through the torcs with double moulding ends.

Full Text Available We oppose the direct observation of the artefacts and the study of the fabrication, distribution and consumption processes against the traditional typological view of the castro torcs. Technological variability defines best this particular archaeological material which forms part of the Iron Age goldwork in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. We forget its quality of adornment and conceptualize the object as a collective investment within a diachronic context beginning in the Final Bronze Age and extending into the Period of romanization.

Full Text Available The action what today we recognize as restore and the values that justify it, emerged, historically speaking, very early. It wasn't the official character of this attitude of safeguard, specially consecrated in the legislation, national and international, the only in charge for which today we are more awake for this problems. Individual persons and institutions may demonstrate, along the History, as some documents are proving, how sensitive they were about preservation of the heritage. In a local level, we have the example of D. Mariana de Castro , in , concerned with the repair of tapestries belonging to her personal estate.

Limited studies based in England and Australia reported misuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids AAS among homosexual men to enhance body image. Since many AAS and certain performance enhancing drugs PEDs are administered via injection, this poses a potential vector for the spread of infectious disease in an already at-risk population.

This study compared and contrasted homosexual and heterosexual male gym clients regarding use of AAS and PEDs, use of alcohol and illicit drugs, seroprevalence of infectious disease, engagement in risky injection practices and sexual behaviors, and presence of psychiatric conditions. Recruitment and data collection occurred outside four exercise gyms in the San Francisco Castro District area between October 25, and March 10, Two hundred and twenty homosexual men and 73 heterosexual men completed the item cross-sectional survey.

Ten percent of homosexual men reported lifetime AAS use. In addition, a quarter of homosexual men who injected drugs admitted to sharing used syringes or needles with another person. Homosexual men partook in high-risk sexual behaviors and injection practices which may place them at greater risks for contracting and spreading HIV and other infectious diseases. Arquitectura defensiva en el Castro de Castromaior Lugo. Full Text Available The analysis of the building techniques of the pre-Roman fort of Castromaior Lugo is here presented. The archaeological methodology is employed from an analytical point of view by means of the systematic archaeological excavation and in order to obtain a hypothetical reconstruction of one of the access to the village.

Stratigraphical analysis and excavation have together revealed enough results to identify different building phases. After a brief description of the site, the results are analysed archaeologically, focusing the attention on the architecture belonging to the demarcation structures. Once analysed the results, a reconstruction of the access area is proposed. This brief work offers a new vision of the pre-Roman forts in the northwestern area of the Iberian Peninsula based on the analysis of the architecture of demarcation. Prevalence of clinically important species of the genus Vibrio in catered seafood of city and port of Progreso de Castro , Yucatan, Mexico.

No forman esporas, son oxidasa positiva y anaerobios facultativos. Se obtuvo un listado de 38 establecimientos especializados en la venta de alimentos marinos de origen animal para consumo humano. Population size of Aegla paulensis Decapoda: The calculated density of adult individuals was considerably higher in the summer This density difference of adult individuals was attributed to variation in the population structure of coexisting cohorts of adults at each sampling season of the year, due to dissimilarities in the cumulative abundance of recruits that effectively become adults after puberty molt, and difference in longevity between sexes.

Full Text Available Since the end of the sixteenth century the Hanseatic city of Hamburg received a group of impostant Portuguese physicians that became members of its Iberian Jewish community. This article examines the intellectual contribution and the political implications of two of them, Rodrigo de Castro , who authored an important book on gynaecology, and Manuel Bocarro Rosales ca.

El hecho de que contemos con tan pocas traducciones de obras literarias eslovenas al castellano hace de este descubrimiento algo realmente curioso e importante. The Democratic Vision of Carl Schmitt. The main purpose of this paper is to justify two propositions. The argumentation is divided into two parts. As a result of the expedition the artist produced around twenty photographs, drawings, and several letters that were ultimately published by the Spanish pictorial magazine El Museo Universal.

This paper analyzes both this discourse and its expression in relation to California, a then recently incorporated US territory. AbstractParasitic diseases of gastrointestinal kind stand out as the most frequent and important diseases involving newborn, young and adult cats. Cysts predominated in ten of them There were eggs of Ancylostoma spp. Propuesta para mejoras en el nivel de servicio a los usuarios de Farmacia del Hospital Dr.

AbstractSince the 19th century Catholicism has been marked by internal divisions arising from the pastoral demands of how the Catholic Church should position itself and deal with the new challenges launched by modern times. The Second Vatican Council can be understood as a symbolic-normative battle field, in which two divergent positions are in continuous confrontation. Performing high-resolution, high-fidelity, three-dimensional simulations of Type Ia supernovae SNe Ia requires not only algorithms that accurately represent the correct physics, but also codes that effectively harness the resources of the most powerful supercomputers.

In this paper we discuss these codes with an emphasis on the techniques needed to scale them to petascale architectures. We also demonstrate our ability to map data from a low Mach number formulation to a compressible solver. The main conclusion is that the symmetry of an optical sensor is not an important consideration when measuring typical eye aberrations such as defocus myopic and hyperopic, but there are differences.

In this sense, the polar symmetry sensors render results that are equivalent to the traditional Cartesian Hartmann-Shack sensor, but furnish an easier method for determining the optical center. Person fit and criterion-related validity: The effect on criterion-related validity of nonfitting response vectors NRVs on a predictor test was investigated. Using simulated data, it was shown that there was a substantial decrease in validity when the type of misfit was severe i.

AA - Philosophy ; Religion. Research into the formulaic nature of language has grown in size and scale in the last 20 years or more, much of it based in corpus studies and involving the identification and categorisation of formulas. Research suggests that there are benefits for second and foreign language learners recognising formulaic sequences when listening and reading,…. Ruge is then presented. The article closes with a critique of C. The concern with space and, more fundamentally, the formulation of a larger, guiding spatial theory, was central to achieving Nazi objectives during the Third Reich.

We disclose critical elements of that theory, focusing on two contributions: Full Text Available The benthic macroalgal flora from the eastern Ionian coastal area of the Peninsula Salentina is scarcely studied. This study gives a contribution to the knowledge on its biodiversity in this area, which also includes marine caves, and the geographical distribution of some interesting species. A total of macroalgae Rhodophyta, 27 Ochrophyta, and 28 Chlorophyta were identified.

Six species are first records for the region, one of which, Liagora ceranoides, represents a new record for the Italian flora. The vegetation of most of the wave-exposed rocky substrata, as well as of the two sulphureous caves at Santa Cesarea Terme is characterised by extensive populations of Corallinales. The chorological spectrum of the flora shows a high occurrence of Indo-Pacific and Circumtropical elements, thus resulting more similar to that of floras of the Greek Ionian Sea. The Cuban Boatlift. Even the music in Cuba had become politicized- few romantic songs were played.

Mercedes and her family liked to go to the beach for recreation. Land abandonment is an important process for the European Union, which primarily occurs in less productive, remote and mountainous areas with unfavourable conditions for agriculture. Future management directions of these abandonment areas are under debate, with increasing calls to adjust policies to. Social innovation and polycentric governance: We focus on the role of social innovation in the governance of water-related challenges.

We argue that in social-ecological challenges freshwater governance is improved by better understanding the dynamics of social innovation, specifically by analyzing the emergence of polycentric governance. Cambios y readaptaciones en la estructura urbana de un poblado fortificado: This fact represents the dilemma between the primacy of commercial equipment solutions, which seek to improve the services offered to the community, and the capability to recreate the identity and heritage values of local architecture.

In turn, the case renders the low incidence of the planning tools that take care of the quality and history of the built environment regulatory plans and environmental impact assessment studies, completely evident. This raises the following question: What should be the ethical responsibility of architects in an urban transformation that involves a significant impact on the local heritage?

The article discusses the consequences of the architectural project in its action on an urban and natural environment, emphasizing on the problems associated with having an ethical responsibility of the architect, as a relevant actor in the production of built environments. Hatched larvae and field sampled juveniles of the sand crab Emeritabrasiliensis were reared at different temperatures and food diet in order to evaluate the best conditions for laboratory maintenance.

The effects of frequency of changing the aquarium seawater on larval development was also studied evaluating the survival, growth and duration of larval stages. The duration of larval stage and growth of the last three zoes phases correlate positively with temperature. The kind of food and frequency of water exchange did not influence the development, growth, and survival of larvae, as well as the development, and survival of juveniles.

Holocene paleo-sea level changes along the coast of Rio de Janeiro, southern Brazil: Comment on Castro et al. The present work discusses and reinterprets paleo-sea level indicators used to build Holocene sea-level curve for the coast of Rio de Janeiro at former works. These conclusions differ from the conclusions of the original paper. Highlighting the trade-off between biodiversity and soil conservation. We address the effects of erosion on the environmental services provided by the soil and explore possibilities for integrating soil erosion impacts in cost-benefit analyses of agri-environmental policies.

As a case study, we considered the continued soil erosion caused by the traditional cereal. Assemblage of benthic diatoms and culturable heterotrophs in shallow-water hydrothermal vent of the D. Melanin is involved in absorbing free radicals and reactive oxygen species to protect the organisms from damage under ex- treme environmental conditions Melanin is highly sta- ble and does not degrade easily Ignar Fjuk contra Fidel Castro: Tribute to the memory of the unforgettable Dr.

The history of the investigations about of the so-called irritability of animal tissues showed by English physician Francis Glisson in the 17th century, is summarized. During the 18th century, reliable studies on the bioelectric properties of these tissues began, due to the Swiss scientist Albrecht von Haller and continuated by the Italian naturalist Felice Fontana. In the second half of this century, multiple controversies of the partisans of the animal electricity against the partisans of the contact electricity took place.

The Danish scientist Oersted in proved the close relation of magnetism to electricity, which led to construction of electrometers. These instruments allowed to register and measure record of the electric current. On this way, at middle 21st century, the true animal electricity was identified as the injury current. Later it was possible to record the electric current, risen in the myocardium, out the thorax first by means of the Lippmann' capillary electrometer and later thanks to the Einthoven's string galvanometer at the beginning of the 20th century.

Wilson and the Mexican Demetrio Sodi Pallares. The last one allowed to rationalize the electro-vectorcardiographic exploration on experimental bases. Though, after his death in , still it would have to wait fourteen years to initiate his gait. He lacks own building, sign of identity of many foundations.

It was located in municipal dependences, for which he was paying a canon fixed of mutual agreement with the Meeting of Patronage responsible for his administration. It worked as School of Arts and Trades, in imitation of existing others in different points, specially in near two localities of the Basque Country: The Return of the Political: Weberian -power-, Marxist -class struggle- or Foucualdian -domination.

It is my contention that the latter dilute politics into the economic, social, cultural sphere given that almost everything can be surmise to be an issue of power, domination or class struggle whereas the former highlights the boundaries of the political realm while still allowing for analytical connections and links to be established with the other spheres of society. This volume of three interrelated studies aims to explore the various contingencies through which individuals responsible, to various degrees, for promoting expressions of racist hate were subjected to markedly different types of legal responses within the landmark Nuremberg trials programme.

These contingencies, together with loose judicial reasoning, complicate scholarly efforts to identify the historical emergence of this type of transnational hate crime, and to illustrate the complication No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la abundancia y dieta entre pozos. Castro Pareja , J.

aegla castro schmitt: Topics by www.newyorkethnicfood.com

Castro Pareja , R. Editora Prismas, p. Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais. Demokrati og politiske styreformer. Nietzsche and his philosophy is perhaps the hidden hand behind Carl Schmitts famous understanding of the political. His understanding of the political has two dimensions: Schmitts understanding of concepts reveals that the contexts in which the concept is used and t This paper will hopefully enlighten this blind spot This paper presents an empirical study that investigates the role of vocabulary knowledge in listening comprehension with 33 advanced Turkish learners of English as a foreign language.

A Cultural History of Gesture. Language and gestures are traditionally viewed. New approaches try to combine them and see language and gesture as produced by interacting, and embodied minds challenge our understanding of what language is. I try to remind readers of the work by Sandor S. FELDMAN who as a psychoanalyst began to observe gestural manierisms of his patients and considered them a "window to the mind".

Sprache und Gestik werden traditionell getrennt gesehen verbales und averbales Verhalten. Ser Cubano To Be Cuban: The Evolution of Cuban-American Literature. Describes the generations of Cuban and Cuban American writers who have borne witness, in Spanish and now in English, to the oppression of Castro 's regime, the pain of leaving Cuba, and the family conflicts occurring in the new land. Highlights the tragic figure of Reinaldo Arenas, a homosexual writer, anti- Castro activist, and immigrant.

Spermodea spermatia Da Silva e Castro Fig. Helix Acanthinula spermatia — C. African Journal of Biotechnology - Vol 15, No 18 Application of multivariate analysis to evaluate the biochemical Cerebral folate deficiency syndromes in childhood: Development of atmospheric electrostatic field mill polarity sensor Rakvere teater lahkab koos elu.

Rakvere teatri kevadhooaja kolme esietenduse tutvustus: It is a proposal that is part of a multidisciplinary project where the complexity of a cultural landscape is addressed from various disciplines, including the visual as a complementary to the sources oral, materials archeological and written. The proposal proposes to systematize the work with the photographies so that it is possible to do the necessary questions to him and for their correct virtual conservation.

Different processes lead to similar patterns: Full Text Available Abstract Background Understanding how freshwater assemblages have been formed and maintained is a fundamental goal in evolutionary and ecological disciplines. Here we use a historical approach to test the hypothesis of codivergence in three clades of the Chilean freshwater species assemblage. Molecular studies of freshwater crabs Aegla: Anomura and catfish Trichomycterus arealatus: Teleostei exhibited similar levels of genetic divergences of mitochondrial lineages between species of crabs and phylogroups of the catfish, suggesting a shared evolutionary history among the three clades in this species assemblage.

Three different diversification models were observed and the three groups arose during different time periods, from 2. Cladogenesis within Trichomycterus areolatus was initiated roughly 2. These results reject the hypothesis of codivergence. Dramatic changes in historic sea levels documented in the region appear to have independently shaped the evolutionary history of each group.

Our study illustrates the important role that history plays in shaping a species assemblage and argues against assuming similar patterns equal a shared evolutionary history. A new species of Temnocephala Platyhelminthes with an unusual pharynx, including an amendment of the diagnosis of the genus. Three species of Temnocephala have been reported on Aegla from Uruguay: Temnocephala axenos, Temnocephala mertoni and Temnocephala talicei. As part of a systematic review of the Uruguayan species of Temnocephala, a fourth species was found on Aegla platensis and Aegla uruguayana.

This species, new for the genus, has the following diagnostic characters: To contemplate the characters of the pharynx, an amendment of the genus Temnocephala is given. The new species resembles Temnocephala cyanoglandula, which also has a very long, slightly curved penial stylet, but differs from it by having a shorter penial stylet, a lower number of rows of spines in the introvert, a larger, different type of pharynx, a smaller contractile vesicle and a larger sucker.

The new species is carnivorous and feeds on whole preys, which are mainly annelids Stratiodrilus and other species of Temnocephala. The new species was found to be hyperparasitised by plerocercoid and nematode larvae, but hyperparasites were not found in the other sympatric species of Temnocephala. Based on the findings presented here, it is clear that detailed histological descriptions of the pharynx should be contemplated as part of the normal work in taxonomy of temnocephalans. Factors affecting the sustainability of tick and tick-borne disease Six major types of malpractice were identified.

These include delivery of Nutritional composition of five food trees species products used in Nutritional composition of five food trees species products used in human diet during food shortage period in Burkina Faso. Helisev arhitektuur" Heliose kinos. The beliefs of communism has shaped the hearts and minds of thousands of cubans. This paper provides a future perspective on Cuba's transition as well as identifies potential actors who will emerge as potential leaders once Fidel Castro is gone In this podcast, Dr. Kenneth Castro , Director of the Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, discusses the December 9, CDC guidelines for the use of a new regimen for the treatment of persons with latent tuberculosis infection.

Decentralised clinical training of health professionals will expand Acad Med ;92 Cuba, specifically post- Castro Cuba, could very well trigger the next unanticipated crisis even though the writing is on the Issues for the th Congress. Since the early s, U. Full Text Available La casa. Libro de alquimia y soledad. Gabriel Arturo Castro Morales. Universidad del Valle, Cali, , 95 pags. New species and records of cunaxid mites Acari: Cunaxidae from soil in Southern Brazil. The Relevancy of Nuclear Deterrence in the Future.